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Atlas of Global Development - A Visual Guide to the World’s Greatest Challenges
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OF GLOBAL
DEVELOPMENT
A
T
L
A
S
Fourth Edition
© 2013 International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development /
The World Bank
1818 H Street NW,
Washington DC 20433
United States
Telephone: 202-473-1000;
Internet: www.worldbank.org
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Contents
People
Population growth and transition
Rich and poor
Measuring income | Growth and opportunity
Where is the wealth of nations? | How poor is poor?
Education
Children at work | Education opens doors
Health
Children under 5—struggling to survive
Improving the health of mothers
Communicable diseases
Economy
Structure of the world economy | Governance
Infrastructure for development | Investment for growth
The integrating world | People on the move
Aid for development | External debt
Environment
The urban environment
Feeding a growing world | A thirsty planet gets thirstier
Protecting forests | Energy security and climate change
Statistics
Key indicators of development
Ranking of economies by GNI per capita
Definitions, sources, notes, and abbreviations
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Guide to the online atlas
Classification of economies
The Millennium Development Goals
128
104
66
52
38
32
Gender
Gender equality and development
46
14
10
8
6
5
4
Index143
Acknowledgments
The text and data for the fourth edition of the Atlas of Global Development were prepared by the
Development Economics Data Group of the World Bank under the management of Shaida Badiee.
The team consisted of Liu Cui, Mahyar Eshragh-Tabary, Neil Fantom, Juan Feng, Shota Hatakeyama,
Masako Hiraga, Wendy Huang, Bala Bhaskar Naidu Kalimili, Buyant Erdene Khaltarkhuu, Soong Sup Lee,
Hiroko Maeda, Johan Mistiaen, Esther G. Naikal, Beatriz Prieto-Oramas, William Prince, Evis Rucaj,
Sun Hwa Song, Emi Suzuki, Jos Verbeek, Olga Victorovna Vybornaia, and Sergiy Zorya. Eric Swanson was
the general editor. Aziz Gökdemir, Stephen McGroarty, Santiago Pombo, Stuart Tucker, and Shana Wagger
from the World Bank’s Office of the Publisher managed the development and dissemination of the book
and its online companion. Jeff Lecksell, in the Bank’s Cartography Group, provided guidance on maps.
The Publishing, Design, Editorial, Creative Services, and Database teams at Collins Bartholomew,
HarperCollins Publishers, provided overall design direction, editorial control, mapping, and typesetting.
Picture credits
Front cover, top to bottom Simone D. McCourtie/World Bank; Curt Carnemark/World Bank; Curt Carnemark/
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Gökdemir; Yosef Hadar/World Bank; Curt Carnemark/World Bank; 16 Ami Vitale/World Bank; 20, 34, 106,
117 (top) Michael Foley/World Bank; 28 John Isaac/World Bank; 30 David A. Cieslikowski/World Bank;
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World Bank; 50 Steve Harris/World Bank; 54, 78 Eric Miller/World Bank; 56 Yosef Hadar/World Bank;
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Ray Witlin/World Bank; 71 Gennadiy Ratushenko/World Bank; 72 Lars Plougmann/Creative Commons license,
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licenses/by-sa/2.0; 92 Shannon Stapleton/Reuters/Corbis; 98 UNHCR/T. Irwin; 117 (bottom) UNEP;
120 Julio Pantoja/World Bank; 123, 124 Dominic Sansoni/World Bank.
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Foreword
We are very pleased to bring you the fourth edition
of the Atlas of Global Development and the fortieth
atlas produced by the World Bank documenting
development trends over the past 50 years. The atlases
represent the longest continuing publication of the
World Bank. Data presented in an atlas help us to
understand the geographic relationships among
countries and their economic and social development.
In designing the atlas, we have illustrated these
relationships with maps, charts, tables, and photos.
Geography is not destiny, but geography strongly
influences the ways economies can and do develop.
Geography encourages exchange and human
interaction. It also creates barriers and nourishes
disputes and conflicts. Neighboring economies
may share common resources and interests, but
economies at great distance may also be linked by
historical ties of settlement and migration that still
influence political alliances and economic exchange.
Landlocked economies have a harder time bringing
their goods to markets and have generally been
slower to develop, but Botswana and Switzerland
are two examples of landlocked economies that
have flourished. Small island economies, because
of their isolation and limited internal markets, face
similar challenges, but Mauritius has overcome those
obstacles and prospered. And because climate and
geography are closely linked, economies in the same
region face similar risks from climate change and
from natural hazards such as storms, flooding, and
earthquakes. All of these are important reasons for
taking a comprehensive view of the geography of
global development.
Understanding the development process, formulating
policies, and evaluating outcomes require reliable data.
The Atlas of Global Development draws on the
World Development Indicators database, which has
been compiled from the work of the World Bank,
other international organizations, and the national
statistical offices of member countries. To improve
the quality of international statistics, the World Bank
in collaboration with national and international
partners supports programs for the development of
statistics in developing countries.
While new technologies have not eliminated
geographic barriers to the movement of goods and
peoples, they have made it possible for information
to move far more quickly and to reach a larger
audience. Online databases and electronic
publications can be accessed from anywhere in the
world. Nevertheless, barriers to information remain.
In some places economic and social statistics are
treated as privileged information, restricted in their
use or priced so as to limit access. Such policies deny
citizens the use of data collected with public funding
and prevent the development of innovative new
applications of benefit to all.
As part of the World Bank’s Open Data Initiative,
the World Bank has adopted a policy of providing
open, free, and unrestricted access to its databases,
which are available on the Web at data.worldbank.org.
You can also access the Atlas online at data.worldbank.
org/atlas-global. Throughout the Atlas you will find
links to other public sources of data. We encourage
you to explore these databases, to employ the data in
your own work, to disseminate them to others, and to
send us feedback on how we could improve our ways
to make data more accessible and usable.
Shaida Badiee
Director, Development Data Group
The World Bank
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1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 2000 20051995 2010
Most migrants reside in high-income economies
International migrant stock (millions)
Source: World Bank estimates based on data from the UN Population Division
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
High-income
Middle-income
Low-income
USER’S GUIDE TO THE WORLD BANK eATLAS OF
GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT
Easy navigation from the home page (accessible via data.
worldbank.org/atlas-global)
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Figure1
Guide to the online atlas
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NEW FOR THIS EDITION
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Forfurtherinformationandtechnicaladvicegoto
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Figure2
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Dominican
Republic
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Kiribati
Antigua and Barbuda
Dominica
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the GrenadinesGrenada
Cape Verde
The Gambia
São Tomé and Príncipe
Luxembourg
Guadeloupe (Fr)
Martinique (Fr)
French Guiana
(Fr)
Monaco
Liechtenstein
Andorra
Isle of Man (UK)
Channel Islands (UK)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
French Polynesia (Fr)
Aruba
(Neth)
Barbados
St. Kitts and Nevis
US Virgin
Islands (US)
Bermuda
(UK)
The Bahamas
Puerto
Rico (US)
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
Cayman Islands (UK)
Curaçao
(Neth)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
Greenland (Den.)
Western
Sahara
Gibraltar (UK)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
Latin America & Caribbean
Europe & Central Asia
East Asia & Pacific
Other
no data
OECD
High-income economies
Middle East & North Africa
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Low- and middle-income economies
classification of economies
8
to imply that all economies in the group are
experiencing similar development or that
other economies have reached a preferred or
final stage of development.
The regions used in this atlas are based
on the regions defined by the World Bank
for analytical and operational purposes.
The World Bank classifies economies as low-
income, middle-income (subdivided into
lower-middle and upper-middle), or high-
income based on gross national income
(GNI) per capita. Low- and middle-income
economies are sometimes referred to as
developing economies. This is not intended
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Albania
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Timor-Leste
Palau
Federated States of Micronesia
Marshall Islands
Solomon Islands
American Samoa (US)
Samoa
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Fiji
Tonga
Kosovo
Lebanon
West Bank and Gaza
Maldives
Seychelles
Mauritius
Comoros
Israel
Réunion (Fr)
Mayotte
(Fr)
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
Singapore
Brunei Darussalam
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Guam (US)
Qatar
Kuwait
Bahrain
San
Marino
Malta
Cyprus
Nauru
Netherlands Antilles ceased to exist on October 10, 2010. Curaçao and St. Maarten
became autonomous countries within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Bonaire,
St. Eustatius, and Saba became special municipalities of the Netherlands.
9
These regions may differ from common
geographic usage or from the regions defined
by other organizations. Regional groupings and
the aggregate measures for regions include only
low- and middle-income economies.
Data are shown for economies as they were
constituted in 2011. Additional information
about the data is provided in World Development
Indicators 2012 or on the World Bank website
(data.worldbank.org).
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Source: UNESCO Institute of Statistics
Primary school completion rate (%)
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
To reach the goal of universal primary education,
children must remain in school
East Asia & Pacific
Europe & Central Asia
Latin America & Caribbean
Middle East & North Africa
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2015
All regions but Sub-Saharan Africa are on track to
reach the poverty reduction target
East Asia & Pacific
Europe & Central Asia
Latin America & Caribbean
Middle East & North Africa
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
People living on less than $1.25 a day (%)
Source: PovcalNet, an online poverty analysis tool developed by the World Bank
(iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/index.htm), and Global Monitoring Report 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
10
The Millennium
Development Goals
The Millennium Declaration,
ratified in 2000 by the 189 member
states of the United Nations,
committed rich and developing
countries to work in partnership
to achieve a set of critical
development outcomes. Those
commitments are embodied in
the eight Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs) for 2015, supported
by 18 quantified targets and 60
indicators measuring progress
since 1990. Progress has been
uneven and many countries will
not reach the targets set for 2015,
but others have met or exceeded
the targets, improving the lives of
hundreds of millions of people.
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Defined as average daily consumption of
$1.25 or less, extreme poverty means living
on the edge of subsistence. In 1990, more
than 1.9 billion people lived on less than
$1.25 a day. Since then, the poverty rate
in developing countries has fallen from
43 percent to 22 percent in 2008, reducing
the number of people in extreme poverty
to less than 1.3 billion. Between 2005 and
2008, poverty rates fell in all six developing
regions, the first time that has happened.
By 2015, the global rate of extreme poverty
is expected to be 16 percent and the number
of people living in poverty will fall to around
1 billion. At the global level, the goal of
halving the poverty rate has been reached,
and all regions except Sub-Saharan Africa are
expected to reach the target by 2015.
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
More than 20 years ago, the world
community committed itself to providing
at least a primary school education to
every child. Providing all children with a
good quality education is the foundation
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Measles immunization rate
(% of children ages 12–23 months)
Source: WHO and UNICEF
East Asia & Pacific
Europe & Central Asia
Latin America & Caribbean
Middle East & North Africa
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
High-income
Measles is the leading cause of vaccine-
preventable deaths in children
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary enrollment
Gender parity in enrollment has improved, but gender gaps remain
large in some regions
East Asia &
Pacific
Europe &
Central Asia
Latin America
& Caribbean
Middle East &
North Africa
South Asia Sub-Saharan
Africa
High-
income
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
19
91
20
10
19
91
20
10
19
91
20
10
19
91
20
10
19
91
20
10
19
91
20
10
19
91
20
10
11
of sustainable development and poverty alleviation. In 2010,
the primary school completion rate reached 89 percent for
developing countries: 94 percent for middle-income countries
but just 68 percent for low-income ones. But 67 million
children worldwide were out of school in 2009—and about
half of them will receive no formal education.
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empowering women
Promoting gender equality and empowering women are
important in their own right and because they foster progress
toward other MDG targets, such as those for reducing poverty,
hunger, and disease and improving access to education.
When women make decisions, household resources tend to
be shared more equitably. And educated women are better
able to care for children and more likely to send their children
to school.
Education opportunities for girls have expanded since 1990.
Enrollment patterns in upper-middle-income countries now
resemble those in high-income countries, and those in lower-
middle-income countries are nearing equity. But gender gaps
remain large in low-income countries, especially at the primary
and secondary levels.
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
Deaths of children under age 5 have been declining since
1990. By 1999, for the first time, the number of children who
died before their 5th birthday fell below 10 million. Child
mortality rates in developing countries
dropped nearly 35 percent between
1990 and 2010, from 98 to 64 per 1,000
live births. Though this progress is
impressive, it is insufficient to meet the
fourth MDG of reducing under-5 child
mortality by two-thirds.
Success in reducing infant and
child mortality is a general indicator
of progress toward the human
development outcomes under the
MDGs, reflecting falling poverty rates,
improved nutrition, increasing female
literacy, disease prevention, access to
medicine and health facilities, and safe
water and sanitation. Immunizations
for measles—a leading cause of
vaccine-preventable deaths among
children—continue to expand
worldwide. Coverage in all regions
now exceeds 70 percent, markedly
improving child survival rates.
For more information about the
Millennium Development Goals, see
the World Bank eAtlas of the MDGs:
data.worldbank.org/mdg-atlas
Source: UNAIDS and WHO
High-
income
Prevalence of HIV among population ages 15–49 (%)
Prevalence rates have risen as more people are
living with HIV/AIDS
Europe &
Central
Asia
East
Asia &
Pacific
Latin
America &
Caribbean
Middle
East &
North
Africa
South
Asia
Sub-
Saharan
Africa
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
19
90
20
09
19
90 2
00
9
19
90
20
09
19
90
20
09
19
90
20
09
19
90
20
09
19
90
20
09
Source: UNICEF, State of the World’s Children; Childinfo; and
Demographic and Health Surveys by Macro International
Births attended by skilled health staff (%)
Better care during childbirth improves mothers’
chances of survival
Europe &
Central
Asia
East
Asia &
Pacific
Latin
America &
Caribbean
Middle
East &
North Africa
South
Asia
Sub-
Saharan
Africa
0
20
40
60
80
100
20
00
20
10
20
00
20
10
20
00
20
10
20
00
20
10
20
00
20
10
20
00
20
10
12
high-income countries, yet continue to kill
millions a year in developing countries, and
HIV/AIDS remains a global pandemic.
Worldwide, more than 30 million people
have died from AIDS, and more than 16
million children have been orphaned since
AIDS was first reported more than three
decades ago. In 2010, 33 million people were
living with HIV, but less than half of them were
believed to be aware of their infection. With
better treatment, death rates are declining
and more people are living with AIDS. There
were 1.8 million AIDS-related deaths in 2010,
down from 2.2 million deaths in 2005. But
there were over 7,000 new HIV infections
every day, mostly among people in low- and
middle-income countries. Sub-Saharan Africa
contains just over one-tenth of the world’s
population but is home to two-thirds of the
people living with HIV/AIDS, with women far
more likely to be infected than men.
The World Health Organization estimates
that in 2010, there were 216 million cases of
malaria, leading to 655,000 deaths. Though
malaria is endemic in many tropical and
subtropical regions, most deaths occur
among children living in Africa, where a
child dies every minute from malaria.
The number of new tuberculosis cases
peaked globally in 2004 and is leveling off,
but prevalence is still high in Sub-Saharan
Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Every year, hundreds of thousands of women
die from complications related to pregnancy
or childbirth. Some 99 percent of these deaths
occur in developing countries. And for every
woman who dies, about 20 suffer from
injury, infection, or disease. In developing
countries, pregnancy-related complications
are among the leading causes of death and
disability for women between 15 and 49.
Prenatal care and the presence of skilled
health workers at delivery is critical to
reducing maternal mortality. In developing
countries, the share of births attended by
skilled health staff rose from 58 percent
in 1990 to 65 percent in 2010, and the
proportion of pregnant women receiving
prenatal care is rising. Countries in Europe
and Central Asia have made the most
progress in ensuring safe deliveries. Most
have achieved universal coverage, and the
rest are on track to achieve it by 2015.
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and
other diseases
For many reasons—including poverty, climate,
bad policies, and inadequate services—
people in developing countries are highly
susceptible to life-threatening diseases. Some
of these, such as malaria and tuberculosis,
have been eliminated or largely contained in
All DAC donors
Japan
Netherlands
Sweden
United Kingdom
United States
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
East Asia & Pacific
Europe & Central Asia
Latin America & Caribbean
Middle East & North Africa
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
High-income
19921990 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Source: WHO-UNICEF Joint Measurement Programme Source: OECD Development Assistance Committee
Population without access to improved drinking water source (millions)
Most regions will achieve the 2015 target for access to an improved
water source
19921990 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Official development assistance as a share of GNI (%)
Aid efforts by DAC donors have increased since
2000, but most still fall short of their commitments
0
250
500
750
1,000
1,250
13
Africa, and some South Asian countries appear to have returned
to 1990 levels. In 2010 there were 8.8 million cases of tuberculosis
globally—down from 14 million in 2007.
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
The 1992 Earth Summit adopted comprehensive global,
national, and local responses for every area where humans
affect the environment. This agenda was incorporated into the
Millennium Declaration along with commitments to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions, protect biodiversity, and prevent
desertification.
Also included among the MDGs’ targets are commitments
to reduce the number of people lacking access to improved
water and sanitation facilities. An improved water source meets
basic standards for access to a protected water supply, but
water from improved sources—such as public taps or hand
pumps—may not meet standards set by the World Health
Organization and may require considerable fetching and
carrying. In 1990, more than 1 billion people in developing
countries lacked access to such a minimal convenience. In
2010, 786 million people—42 percent of whom live in Sub-
Saharan Africa—still lack access to improved sources for
drinking water, but most regions made progress.
Around the world, 2.6 billion people lack access to toilets,
latrines, and other forms of improved sanitation, and more
than 40 percent of these people practice open defecation. In
developing countries, the share of people with access to improved
sanitation rose from 37 percent in 1990 to 56 percent in 2010.
To halve the proportion of people without basic sanitation by
2015, more than 1.3 billion people would have to gain access
to an improved facility—so the global target will be missed.
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership
for development
Prospects for sustaining the current
economic recovery will be enhanced
if advanced and developing countries
continue to cooperate in implementing
policies aimed at increasing growth,
protecting the poor and vulnerable,
maintaining infrastructure investment,
and sustaining private sector growth.
Private investment and remittances
from migrants have become
increasingly important sources of
financing for developing countries.
However, official development
assistance—grants and loans made
at low interest rates—remains an
important source of support for
development programs in the poorest
countries. In 2005, the leaders of the
richest industrial countries made
specific commitments to increase aid
to Africa. Aid received by all developing
countries has increased substantially in
real terms—from $79 billion in 2000
to $130 billion in 2010, measured in
constant 2010 U.S. dollars. Aid to
Africa increased to $45 billion in
2010, but remains far short of the
commitments made in 2005.
Sub-Saharan Africa 2%
South Asia 3%
Latin America &
Caribbean 7%
High-income
68%
East Asia &
Pacific
13%
* Middle East &
North Africa 2%
Europe &
Central Asia
5%
Sub-Saharan Africa 2%
South Asia 7%
Latin America &
Caribbean
9%
High-income
54%
East Asia & Pacific
18%
* Middle East &
North Africa
3%
Europe &
Central Asia
7%
* Middle East & North Africa data are 2009, latest available
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database
GNI, Atlas method (current US$), 2011
Comparing incomes: The share of developing
economies is higher when measured using
purchasing power parity
GNI, PPP (current international $), 2011
2000 2009 20111990
Even measured using purchasing power parity,
large differences remain
GDP per capita measured at PPP (constant 2005 international $)
Note: GDP in constant prices measures the total volume of goods and services
produced in the global economy
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000 High-income economies
Low- & middle-income
economies
14
Measuring income
Standards of living vary
substantially across the globe.
Comparing income or consumption
or poverty levels among countries
requires a common unit of
measurement. Exchange rates
reflect the relative value of
currencies as traded in the market.
Purchasing power parities take into
account differences in price levels.
Both have important roles in
measuring the size of economies.
What is a developing country? Because
development encompasses many factors—
economic, environmental, cultural,
educational, and institutional—no single
measure gives a complete picture. However,
the total earnings of the residents of an
economy, measured by its gross national
income (GNI), is a good measure of its
capacity to provide for the wellbeing of its
people. The World Bank classifies countries
according to their average income, or
GNI per capita, converted to U.S. dollars
using three-year average market exchange
rates (commonly called the World Bank
Atlas method). Countries with average
incomes of less than $12,476 in 2011 are
classified as low- and middle-income
(often referred to as developing economies).
Countries with average incomes of $12,476
or more in 2011 are classified as high-
income or developed economies. In 2011,
the 1.1 billion people in high-income
economies had an average income of
$39,783 per person; the 5 billion residents
in middle-income economies had average
incomes of $4,121; and the 800 million
people in low-income economies earned
only $567, with some as low as $190.
GNI per capita (PPP $)
Each square represents one country
…. and higher net school enrollment rates in secondary education
Net enrollment rate for secondary school (%), 2009–2010
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Niger
Uzbekistan Norway
Qatar
United
States
United Kingdom
Countries with higher GNI per capita often have higher life expectancy at birth ….
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database
Life expectancy at birth (years), 2010 Each square represents one country
GNI per capita (PPP $), 2010
Sub-Saharan countries with high prevalence of
HIV/AIDS: Angola, Botswana, Equatorial Guinea,
Gabon, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland.
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
United States
United Kingdom
Swaziland
South
Africa
Luxembourg
15Rich and poor
To measure differences in welfare, comparisons of income
among economies should take into account differences in
domestic price levels. This is done using purchasing power
parities (PPPs). Using PPPs instead of market exchange rates,
the standard of living among countries can be compared in
real terms, as if the people purchased goods and services at
the same prices using a common currency. Measured using
PPPs, developing economies receive 46 percent of world
income. But when measured using the World Bank Atlas
method, they receive only 32 percent. The difference is due to
the lower cost of services and nontraded goods in developing
economies, a fact that travelers frequently observe.
As the most comprehensive measure of living standards,
GNI per capita is closely related to other, nonmonetary
measures of the quality of life, such as
life expectancy at birth, the mortality
rate of children, and enrollment rates
in school. Low incomes are both
a cause and effect of low levels of
health, education, and other human
development outcomes. Poor people
have a hard time obtaining good health
care and education, while poor health
and poor education leave them less
able to improve their incomes.
Gross national income
PPP current
international $ (billions)
Fishing village in the suburbs of Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
United States
China
Japan
India
Germany
Russian Federation
France
United Kingdom
Brazil
Italy
15,232
11,325
4,539
4,488
3,283
2,845
2,346
2,316
2,261
1,966
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
CountryRank
Largest economies, 2011
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Dominican
Republic
The Gambia
Kiribati
Cape Verde
São Tomé and Príncipe
Antigua and Barbuda
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Grenada
St. Lucia
Dominica
Greenland (Den)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
Isle of Man (UK)
Channel Islands (UK)
Luxembourg
Liechtenstein
Andorra
Monaco
French Polynesia (Fr)
Bermuda
(UK)
The Bahamas
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
Puerto
Rico (US) US Virgin
Islands (US)
St. Kitts and Nevis
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
Guadeloupe (Fr)
Cayman Islands (UK)
Aruba
(Neth)
Curaçao
(Neth)
Barbados
Martinique (Fr)
French Guiana
(Fr)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
Western
Sahara
Gibraltar (UK)
Middle East & North Africa
$7,097
Latin America & Caribbean
$8,645
Brazil
$10,720
Upper-middle-income countries ($4,036–$12,475)
Lower-middle-income countries ($1,026–$4,035)
Low-income countries ($1,025 or less)
High-income countries ($12,476 or more)
no data
GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method, 2011
income
16
World Development Indicators data.worldbank.orgOf the 36 economies classified as low-income in 2011, 27 are in
Sub-Saharan Africa, eight are in Asia, and one is in Latin America
and the Caribbean.
Variations of income within each region can be large. For example,
in 2011, Botswana’s GNI per capita surpassed $7,480, while GNI
per capita in neighboring Mozambique was only $470.
Most economies in Latin America and the Caribbean, Middle East
and North Africa, and Europe and Central Asia are middle-income
economies.
Average GNI per capita in the low- and middle-income countries
was $3,628 in 2011, while in high-income economies it was $39,783.
Since 1989, 26 economies had moved from developing to
high-income status, two of them in the last three years.
Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and
Development—Statistics
www.oecd.org/statistics
International Monetary Fund
Dissemination Standards
Bulletin Board
dsbb.imf.org
United Nations—
Statistics Division
unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama
International Comparison
Project
www.worldbank.org/data/icp
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sudan
South
Sudan
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Benin
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Rep. of
Congo
Comoros
Kosovo
West Bank and Gaza
Timor-Leste
Federated States of Micronesia
Marshall Islands
Solomon Islands
Vanuatu
Fiji
Tonga
Samoa
Tuvalu
American Samoa (US)
Palau
Maldives
Seychelles
Mauritius
Lebanon
San
Marino
Malta
Cyprus
Israel Kuwait
Bahrain
Qatar
Mayotte
(Fr)
Réunion (Fr)
Singapore
Brunei Darussalam
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Guam (US)
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
Nauru
Sub-Saharan Africa
$1,265
Europe & Central Asia
$23,562
South Asia
$1,299
East Asia & Pacific
$7,857
China
$4,930
India
$1,410
Russian Federation
$10,400
17Rich and poor
2007 2009 2011
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database * 2011 data not available for Middle East & North Africa
Recovery from the financial crisis has been slow and uneven
GDP growth (%)
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Latin America & Caribbean
* Middle East & North Africa
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
High-incomeEast Asia & Pacific
Europe & Central Asia
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009 20102007 2011
Global recession in 2007–2009 reversed years of
record economic growth
GDP growth rate (%)
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database
Low- & middle-income economies
High-income economies World
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
18
Growth and opportunity
Economic growth reduces
poverty. As a result, fast-growing
developing countries are closing
the income gap with high-income
economies. But growth must be
sustained over the long term and
the gains from economic growth
must be shared to make lasting
improvements in the wellbeing
of all people. The recent financial
crisis has interrupted that process
and recovery has been uneven.
Sustained growth is essential to reducing
poverty, but few developing countries—
especially low-income countries—have
seen strong and steady growth in the
past. Fewer than one-third of low-income
countries have increased per capita income
by 3.0 percent a year or more since 1980.
For many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa,
the 1990s were a lost decade, with little or
no growth. But growth accelerated in the
following decade. Since 2000, more than
half of all developing countries achieved
an average growth of per capita income of
3.2 percent a year or more. In Sub-Saharan
Africa, three-quarters of the countries
grew faster than 3.2 percent a year, despite
formidable development challenges such as
conflict and epidemic disease.
The financial crisis, which began in 2007
and spread from high-income to low- and
middle-income economies in 2008, became
in 2009 the most severe global recession in
50 years. Gross domestic product (GDP) fell
by 3.7 percent in high-income economies
and grew by only 2.7 percent in developing
economies. The crisis was transmitted
from high-income countries to developing
countries as exports, private capital flows,
commodity prices, and workers’ remittances
all declined. Many developing countries
Less equal
More equal
Income inequality has fallen in roughly half of the developing countries from the late 1990s to late 2000s
Annual change in Gini coefficient in 74 developing countries, late 1990s to late 2000s
Percentage points per year
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database
‘The late 1990s’ is the most recent year between 1995 and 1999, or 2000. ‘The late 2000s’ is the most recent year between 2005 and 2011
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
19Rich and poor
entered the crisis in better shape than in previous recessions,
but for countries with large portions of their populations
clustered around the poverty line, even brief periods of
economic slowdown can have severe effects. In the poorest
developing countries, health and education outcomes move
with the economic cycle; they deteriorate during economic
crises and take a long time to recover.
Since 2009, the global economy has shown signs of
recovery, expanding by 4.3 percent in 2010. However, the
pace of recovery has been uneven. High-income countries
grew only 3.3 percent while developing countries grew
7.6 percent. East Asia and the Pacific was the fastest-
growing region with 9.7 percent followed by South Asia and
Latin America and the Caribbean, which grew 8.7 and
6.2 percent, respectively. The recovery has proved to be
fragile; it suffered a setback in 2011, with global growth
slowing to 2.7 percent. High-income countries grew only
1.5 percent while developing countries showed more
resilience posting 6.2 percent growth. Weak recovery will
likely resume in 2012 in the major advanced economies, and
activity could remain relatively solid in most emerging and
developing economies. However, since commodity prices
are unlikely to continue the recent fast pace of growth, these
economies may have to adapt their policies to promote
economic growth in the post-crisis environment.
Economic growth reduces poverty. But in some countries,
high growth has been accompanied by rising inequality of
incomes, impeding the pace of poverty reduction. Moreover,
a country with high initial inequality will need to grow faster
than a country with more equal income distribution to achieve
the same poverty reduction. Rising
income inequality may also lead to
social tensions, undermining the
social impacts of economic growth and
poverty reduction. Therefore, policies
will need to simultaneously stem rising
inequality of income and accelerate
economic development and poverty
reduction. Since the late 1990s, income
inequality, measured by the Gini
coefficient, has increased in roughly
half of the developing countries with
available data, and decreased in the
other half.
In addition to inequality of
incomes, inequality of opportunities
is a challenge facing most developing
countries. Personal circumstances at
birth, such as gender, race, ethnicity,
location, wealth, and parents’
education, are associated with the level
of access to those services needed for
a productive life, such as safe drinking
water, sanitation, electricity, basic
education, and nutrition. Achieving
universal access to these services is
critical to the poverty reduction and
development agenda.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Average annual growth
rate (%), 2000–2009
Recent growth of GDP per capita
Small businesses, such as the one run by this dressmaker,
contribute to economic growth
Azerbaijan
Vanuatu
Equatorial Guinea
Turkmenistan
Armenia
Angola
China
Belarus
Kazakhstan
Cambodia
16.7
14.3
13.6
12.3
10.5
9.9
9.7
8.7
7.9
7.3
CountryRank
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Dominican
Republic
Kiribati
The Bahamas
St. Kitts and Nevis
Antigua and Barbuda
Bermuda
(UK)
Guadeloupe (Fr)
Martinique (Fr)
Barbados
Grenada
St. Lucia
Puerto
Rico (US)
The Gambia
Channel Islands (UK)
Luxembourg
Liechtenstein
French Guiana
(Fr)
Greenland (Den)
Dominica
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
São Tomé and Príncipe
Andorra
Isle of Man (UK)
Monaco
Cape Verde
Trinidad
and Tobago
Gibraltar (UK)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
Cayman Islands (UK)
Aruba
(Neth)
US Virgin
Islands (US)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
French Polynesia (Fr)
Curaçao
(Neth)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
Western
Sahara
0.0–1.9%
2.0–3.9%
4.0–5.9%
6.0% or more
less than 0.0%
no data
average annual growth of GDP per capita, 2000–2011
economic growth
20
In contrast to record economic growth from 2000 to 2007, the
global economy fell by 2.2 percent in 2009 as a result of the
2008 financial crisis.
While the global economy is showing signs of recovery, low-income
countries continue to suffer the consequences of the global recession.
Between 1990 and 2011, GDP per capita grew 4.7 times in East Asia
and the Pacific, but still ranked fourth among regions, behind Latin
America and the Caribbean, Middle East and North Africa, and
Europe and Central Asia.
Among 10 developing countries with the highest GDP per capita
growth in 2000–2011, two are from low-income economies, and
two are from Sub-Saharan Africa.
GDP fell by 3.7 percent in high-income economies and grew by
only 2.7 percent in developing countries in 2009.
World Bank—Global
Economic Prospects
www.worldbank.org/prospects
IMF World Economic Outlook www.imf.org/weo
OECD statistics www.oecd.org/statistics
The Commission on
Growth and Development
www.growthcommission.org/
World Development Indicators data.worldbank.org
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Federated States of Micronesia
Brunei Darussalam
Comoros
Bahrain
San
Marino
Malta
Israel
Qatar
Réunion (Fr)
Mayotte
(Fr)
Palau
Marshall Islands
Tuvalu
Fiji
Tonga
Vanuatu
Cyprus
Mauritius
Seychelles
Lebanon
Kuwait
Singapore
Timor-Leste
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Maldives
Kosovo
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
American Samoa (US)
Nauru
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Guam (US)
West Bank and Gaza
21Rich and poor
30
28
25
21
20
20
18
17
17
17
2009
2008
2009
2009
2010
2006
2008
2010
2010
2006
Inequality
ratioYear
One commonly used measure of income inequality is the
inequality ratio, calculated as the ratio of income or
consumption shares of the richest 20 percent to the poorest
20 percent of the population. A ratio of 10 means that the top
20 percent of the population earns (or spends) 10 times as
much as the bottom 20 percent of the population.
Generally the higher this ratio, the more unequal the income
distribution. Countries with high inequality ratios are mostly
in Latin America and Africa. The highest inequality ratio
among Asian countries is 12.
Countries with highest inequality ratios
Honduras
Bolivia
South Africa
Brazil
Colombia
Guatemala
Central African Republic
Paraguay
Panama
Zambia
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Country with population
over 1 millionRank
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Dominican
Republic
São Tomé and Príncipe
The Gambia
Cape Verde
Luxembourg
Greenland (Den)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
Isle of Man (UK)
Channel Islands (UK)
Liechtenstein
Andorra
Monaco
Gibraltar (UK)
French Polynesia (Fr)
Kiribati
The Bahamas
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
Cayman Islands (UK)
Aruba
(Neth)
Puerto
Rico (US)
Dominica
St. Lucia
US Virgin
Islands (US)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
St. Martin (Fr)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
Bermuda
(UK)
Curaçao
(Neth)
Grenada
Antigua and Barbuda
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Barbados
Guadeloupe (Fr)
Martinique (Fr)
French Guiana
(Fr)
Western
Sahara
4.0–5.9%
6.0–6.9%
7.0–7.9%
8.0% or more
less than 4.0%
no data
share of income going to the poorest quintile,
2000–2010, most recent year available
inequality
22
United Nations
Development Programme—
Human Development Report
World Bank—
World Development Report 2006
www.worldbank.org/wdr2006
www.hdr.undp.org
Inequality in Focus go.worldbank.org/CCKE912HN0
World Bank—Poverty
Reduction and Equity
www.worldbank.org/poverty
Poverty and Equity Data povertydata.worldbank.org/
poverty/home/
Human Opportunity Index,
Latin America and the
Caribbean
go.worldbank.org/A9Z0NUV620
Latin America and the Caribbean has persistently been the region
with highest average inequality within countries, but inequality has
been falling noticeably in the region since around 2000.
Between one-quarter and one-half of income inequality observed
among adults in Latin America and the Caribbean is due to personal
circumstances endured during childhood that fell outside their
control or responsibility, such as race, gender, birthplace, parents’
educational level, and father’s occupation.
East Asia started out as the region with lowest inequality within
countries in early 1980s, but has seen a steady rise in inequality
(side by side with a downward trend in inequality between countries).
In South Africa, circumstances at birth are important drivers for
the unequal opportunities in childhood and later reemerge to
contribute to unequal access to jobs.
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Benin
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Federated States of Micronesia
Qatar
Seychelles
Comoros
Israel
Maldives
Fiji
West Bank and Gaza
Timor-Leste
San
Marino
Malta
Kosovo
Cyprus
Lebanon
Kuwait
Bahrain
Mayotte
(Fr)
Mauritius
Réunion (Fr)
Brunei Darussalam
Singapore
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Guam (US)
Palau
Nauru
Marshall Islands
American Samoa (US)
Solomon Islands
Samoa
Tuvalu
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
Vanuatu
Tonga
23Rich and poor
Angola
Mongolia
Azerbaijan
KazakhstanZambia
China
Botswana
Vietnam
Energy and mineral rents (% of GDP), 2010
Source: World Bank estimates
Adjusted net saving is often low in countries with high exhaustible resource rents
Adjusted net saving (% of GNI), 2010
100 20 30 40 50 60
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
Gross saving Net saving Net saving plus
educational
expenditures
Adjusted net
saving excluding
pollution damages
Adjusted
net saving
Source: World Bank, Little Green Data Book 2012
Adjusted net saving for a resource-rich country can be negative despite high gross saving
Adjusted net saving in Kazakhstan (% of GNI), 2010
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Pollution
damages
Depletion of
natural
resourcesEducational
expenditures
Depreciation
of fixed
capital
24
Where is the
wealth of nations?
Development can be seen as a
process of building and managing
a diversified portfolio of assets
that contribute to economic
wellbeing. For wellbeing to be
sustainable, the total value of
assets must be maintained at
a constant level or increased.
Adjusted net saving is a measure
of the net change in a country’s
assets and thus a powerful
indicator of sustainability.
A country’s wealth includes not only
physical capital such as buildings and
machinery, but also natural capital, such
as oil deposits, forests and crop land, and
human and social capital. The capacity of a
country to sustain and increase wellbeing
depends on how well these assets are
managed. Adjusted net saving (ANS)
provides a measure of net change in
wealth. It is defined as gross saving plus
investment in human capital (education
expenditures), minus depreciation of
produced capital, depletion of natural
capital (energy, mineral, and forest assets),
and damage from global and local pollution.
If ANS is negative, it means that the
country is exhausting its resources at the
cost of future generations; hence it is on
a path of unsustainable development.
Asia has sustained positive adjusted net saving rates over the past three decades
Source: World Bank estimates
Adjusted net saving (% of GNI) Sub-Saharan AfricaEast Asia & Pacific
Europe & Central Asia
Latin America & Caribbean
South Asia
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
20101980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
25Rich and poor
Countries rich in natural resources have an advantage
over others in financing development. Natural resource
rents can be effectively deployed for this purpose, but it is
important to reinvest such rents in other types of capital,
notably human capital and institutions. The data show that
natural resource abundance often leads to low or negative
ANS. This is true for many resource-rich countries in the
developing world. Adjusted net saving as a percentage of
gross national income (GNI) often has a negative relationship
with the share of energy and mineral resource rents of gross
domestic product (GDP). Countries such as Angola, Mongolia,
Kazakhstan, and Zambia, with resource rents greater than a
quarter of GDP, have negative ANS rates as low as –30 percent
of GNI. With relatively fewer natural resource endowments,
China has achieved a high ANS rate by investing in produced
and human capital. But natural resource abundance need not
be a curse. At the other end of the spectrum are countries
such as Botswana and Vietnam, rich in mineral wealth and
energy resources but with positive ANS rates. Those countries
are good examples of how reinvesting resource rents can
boost social and institutional capital with positive results
on growth. Vietnam’s GDP grew by 7.5 percent over the
past 10 years, and Botswana, one of the fastest-growing
economies in Sub-Saharan Africa, grew by 4.1 percent.
Adjusted net saving trends across regions have varied
widely over time. Sub-Saharan Africa generally has a
declining trend in ANS, suggesting that this region is on
an unsustainable development path.
But if one looks more closely, distinct
stories emerge. In Sub-Saharan Africa,
a relatively small handful of countries
have dragged down performance for
the entire region, relative to the rest
of the world. But nearly two-thirds of
African countries have had positive
saving rates over the decade. This
group was led by the largest African
economy, South Africa, and includes
others such as Botswana, Ethiopia,
Kenya, Mauritius, Namibia, and
Uganda. The South Asia and East Asia
regions stand out as achieving almost
steadily increasing ANS rates generated
mostly via their high gross saving rates
in recent years. Other regions do not
show a clear trend.
Country, population
over 30 million
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Countries with the highest share of natural capital in total wealth
..
-3.6
..
..
29.8*
4.5
15.8
12.1
7.5
9.4
69
56
55
53
52
43
39
35
32
28
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Sudan
Nigeria
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Algeria
Russian Federation
Vietnam
Tanzania
Ethiopia
Pakistan
Rank
Natural capital as a share
of wealth (%), 2005
Adjusted net saving
(% of GNI), 2010
* 2009
Natural capital as a share of comprehensive
wealth is most important in low- and lower-
middle-income countries. But countries differ
substantially in terms of adjusted net saving.
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Dominican
Republic
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Dominica Guadeloupe (Fr)
Martinique (Fr)
Luxembourg
The Gambia
French Guiana
(Fr)
French Polynesia (Fr)
Kiribati
Gibraltar (UK)
Monaco
Liechtenstein
Andorra
Isle of Man (UK)
Channel Islands (UK)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
São Tomé and Príncipe
Cape Verde
Grenada
St. Lucia
Barbados
Aruba
(Neth)
Cayman Islands (UK)
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
The Bahamas
Puerto
Rico (US)
Bermuda
(UK)
US Virgin
Islands (US)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
St. Kitts and Nevis
Antigua and Barbuda
Curaçao
(Neth)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
Greenland (Den)
Western
Sahara
Latin America & Caribbean
6.3%
-5.0–0.0%
0.1–4.9%
5.0–9.9%
10% or more
less than -5.0%
no data
adjusted net saving, including particulate
emission damage, as a share of GNI,
2010 or latest available data
wealth of nations
26
Report of the Commission on the
Measurement of Economic and
Social Progress
Where Is the Wealth of Nations? go.worldbank.org/
2QTH26ULQ0
www.stiglitz-sen-fitoussi.fr
www.worldbank.org/
environmentaleconomics
Environmental Economics at the
World Bank
go.worldbank.org/
TF3U5N1AO0
The Changing Wealth of Nations
Natural capital constitutes a major component of wealth and is a
principal source of income in developing countries.
If Trinidad and Tobago had reinvested all resource rents from
oil and gas into manufactured capital, it would have accumulated
more than three times as much manufactured capital between
1980 and 2005.
In 2010, the ANS rate was 10.4 percent of GNI for the world as
a whole, 18 percent for low- and middle-income countries, and
7.1 percent for high-income countries.
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Benin
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Solomon Islands
Fiji
Brunei Darussalam
Lebanon
Cyprus
Maldives
Réunion (Fr)
Mauritius
Vanuatu
Singapore
Israel Kuwait
Bahrain
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Guam (US)
Palau
Federated States of Micronesia
American Samoa (US)
Tonga
Samoa
Nauru
Marshall Islands
Tuvalu
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
Timor-Leste
Mayotte
(Fr)
Seychelles
West Bank and Gaza
San
Marino
Malta
Kosovo
Qatar
Comoros
Sub-Saharan Africa
-6.2%
Europe & Central Asia
3.2%
South Asia
21.6%
East Asia & Pacific
28.6%
27Rich and poor
Man selling household goods out of a cart in the
slum district of Bangalore, India
People living on less than $1.25 a day
All developing regions
People living on more than $1.25
and less than $2.00 a day
Other developing regions
East Asia & Pacific
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
While the number of people living on less than $1.25 a day has fallen, the number living on between $1.25 and
$2.00 a day has increased
198
1
198
4
198
7
199
0
199
3
199
6
199
9
200
8
200
2
200
5
Source: World Bank, PovcalNet – an online poverty analysis tool, iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/index
People living in poverty (billions)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
28
How poor is poor?
Poverty and hunger remain, but
fewer people live in extreme
poverty. Between 1981 and 2008,
the proportion of people in the
developing world living on less
than $1.25 a day fell from 52 to
22 percent, and nearly 650 million
people were lifted out of poverty.
Despite the 2008 financial crisis
and food and fuel price increases,
global poverty has continued to
fall, but progress has been uneven
and more than a billion people
remain in dire need.
quality public services and infrastructure,
and by protecting vulnerable people such
as women, children, and the elderly. There
is no single solution; the best strategies
will depend on the circumstances in each
country.
Definitions of poverty vary from country
to country. A poverty line set at $1.25 a
day in 2005 purchasing power is used by
the World Bank as the working definition
of extreme poverty. It represents the level
of consumption of the poorest people in
the poorest countries of the world. Since
Poverty is found everywhere that poor
health and lack of education deprive
people of productive employment; where
environmental resources have been depleted
or spoiled; and where corruption, conflict,
and bad governance waste public resources
and discourage private investment. Poverty
needs to be tackled on many fronts: by
creating more and better jobs, delivering
Source: Demographic and Health Surveys, 2005–2009
Under-5 mortality rate (10 year rate, per 1,000 live births),
MRY 2005–2011
Mali
Children from poor households are more
likely to die before reaching age 5
0 50 100 150 200 250
Ukraine
Albania
Colombia
Moldova
Maldives
Armenia
Egypt
Dominican
Republic
Honduras
Philippines
Indonesia
Azerbaijan
Nepal
Cambodia
Namibia
São Tomé and
Príncipe
Bangladesh
Bolivia
Zimbabwe
Timor-Leste
Madagascar
Kenya
Ghana
India
Tanzania
Pakistan
Senegal
Haiti
Swaziland
Ethiopia
Congo, Rep.
Malawi
Rwanda
Uganda
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Liberia
Sierra Leone
Nigeria
Guinea
Richest quintile
Poorest quintile
Average
To measure poverty in the world as a whole, a common standard is required.
Because market exchange rates tend to understate the real incomes of developing
countries and overstate the extent of poverty, PPPs are used to compare income and
consumption levels between countries. PPPs are calculated to compensate for
differences in the price of goods and services between countries. The result is a
conversion factor that can be used like an exchange rate to convert values in one
currency into those of a reference currency (such as the U.S. dollar). In 2008, new
PPP estimates for 2005 became available from the International Comparison
Program. The World Bank's original ‘$1 a day’ international poverty line was based on
the poverty lines in the world's poorest countries. By focusing on the standards of
the poorest countries, the $1 a day line gave the global poverty measure a salience
in focusing on the world's poorest. Using the new 2005 PPP rates, the international
poverty line was revised to $1.25 a day, which is the average poverty line of the 10 to
20 poorest countries in the world.
Purchasing power parity (PPP) and the international poverty line
29Rich and poor
1981, the proportion of people living in extreme poverty in
the developing world has fallen from 52 percent to 22 percent
(as of 2008). In absolute terms, the number of people living in
extreme poverty fell from nearly 2 billion in 1981 to less than
1.3 billion in 2008.
But global success in reducing extreme poverty over
the past three decades has disguised uneven progress
across regions. The greatest drop occurred in East Asia and
the Pacific, where the poverty rate fell from 84 percent in
1981 to 13 percent in 2008 and the number of people living
on less than $1.25 a day fell by 662 million. In South Asia,
the poverty rate fell from 61 percent to 36 percent over the
same period. However, due to rapid population growth, the
number of extremely poor people in the region increased and
only returned to the 1981 level by 2008. In Sub-Saharan Africa,
the poverty rate rose from 52 percent in 1981 to 58 percent in
1999, as many countries suffered a long period of civil discord
and slow growth. By 2005, the number of people living in
extreme poverty had almost doubled. But the poverty rate
fell to 48 percent in 2008, and the number of people living
in extreme poverty fell to 386 million. Africa’s success was
echoed everywhere: between 2005 and 2008, both the poverty
rate and the number of poor people fell in all six developing
regions for the first time since the World Bank began
monitoring global poverty.
Rising incomes have brought more countries into middle-
income status, so that nearly three-quarters of the world’s
poor people now live in middle-income countries. In many
of these countries, a poverty line of $2 a day or higher is
more representative of the extent of serious poverty. There
are almost 2.5 billion people living on $2 a day or less, and
progress in reducing their numbers
has been slow. The number of people
living on between $1.25 and $2 a day
is expected to remain constant at
about 1.2 billion for the next decade.
These are still very poor people whose
prospects will improve only through
continued growth.
Developing country
Number of people
(millions, most recent
data 2005–2010)
Public services are lacking in slum areas
India
China
Nigeria
Bangladesh
Indonesia
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Pakistan
Ethiopia
Tanzania
Philippines
568
276
108
64
64
51
35
29
28
17
People living on less than $1.25 a day
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Dominican
Republic
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Greenland (Den)
The GambiaSt. Lucia
Cape Verde
São Tomé and Príncipe
Aruba
(Neth)
Puerto
Rico (US)
Dominica
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
Cayman Islands (UK)
The Bahamas
Bermuda
(UK)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
US Virgin
Islands (US)
St. Kitts and Nevis
Antigua and Barbuda
Guadeloupe (Fr)
Martinique (Fr)
Barbados
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Grenada
French Guiana
(Fr)
Gibraltar (UK)
Monaco
Andorra
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Isle of Man (UK)
Channel Islands (UK)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
French Polynesia (Fr)
Kiribati
Curaçao
(Neth)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
Western
Sahara
Middle East & North Africa
1990: 13 million
2008: 9 million
Latin America & Caribbean
1990: 53 million
2008: 37 million
2.0–9.9%
10.0–24.9%
25.0–49.9%
50.0% or more
less than 2.0%
no data
share of population living on less
than $1.25 a day (2005 PPP), 2008
poverty
30
World Bank—Country
Poverty Assessment
World Bank—PovcalNet
Online Poverty Analysis Tool
iresearch.worldbank.org/
PovcalNet
www-wds.worldbank.org
(go to ‘By Doc Type’ in the left-hand bar and
select ‘Poverty Assessment’ from ‘Economic
and Sector Work’)
www.unmillenniumproject.orgUnited Nations Millennium
Project
World Bank Poverty &
Equity Data Website
povertydata.worldbank.org/
poverty/home
Two-thirds of the world's poor people live in the world's three
most populous middle-income countries: China, India, and
Indonesia.
Although extreme poverty occurs mostly in rural areas, urban
slums also have high poverty rates.
China reduced its extreme poverty rate from 84 percent in 1981 to
13 percent in 2008 and lifted 662 million people out of poverty.
While Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest poverty rate, South Asia
has the most people living in extreme poverty.
Preliminary survey-based estimates indicate that the Millennium
Development Goal of halving poverty from its 1990 level by 2015
has been achieved at the global level in 2010.
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Comoros Timor-Leste
Fiji
Seychelles
Maldives
West Bank and Gaza
San
Marino
Kosovo
Malta
Lebanon
Israel
Cyprus
Qatar
Kuwait
Bahrain
Réunion (Fr)
Mayotte
(Fr)
Mauritius
Singapore
Brunei Darussalam
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Guam (US)
Palau
Federated States of Micronesia
Marshall Islands
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
Vanuatu
Solomon Islands
Nauru
American Samoa (US)
Tonga
Samoa
Tuvalu
Sub-Saharan Africa
1990: 290 million
2008: 386 million
Europe & Central Asia
1990: 9 million
2008: 2 million
South Asia
1990: 617 million
2008: 571 million
East Asia & Pacific
1990: 926 million
2008: 284 million
Population living on less
than $1.25 a day, 1990, 2008
31Rich and poor
East and South Asia hold half the world’s population, but population growth has been fastest in Sub-Saharan Africa
Source: World Bank, HealthStats database
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20152010 20252020 20352030 20452040 2050
Population (millions) Latin America & Caribbean
Middle East & North Africa
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
East Asia & Pacific
Europe & Central Asia
High-income
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
32
Population growth and
transition
The world is undergoing rapid
demographic change, resulting
from changes in the key
determinants of population
growth and structure: fertility,
mortality, and migration. By 2050,
there will be 9 billion people,
most living in today’s developing
countries. More people will
live in cities and the average
age will increase, bringing new
opportunities and challenges.
In developing countries, life expectancy
at birth increased steadily, from 47 years
in 1960 to 68 years in 2010. Fertility rates
declined, but at 2.6 births per woman, they
remain well above those of high-income
countries, fueling population growth as
births exceed deaths. Fertility rates are
particularly high in Sub-Saharan Africa,
averaging five births per woman in 2010.
In high-income countries, life expectancy
has reached 80 years, 11 years longer than in
1960. The increase in life expectancy
has coincided with income growth. With
a fertility rate of 1.8 births per woman—
well below replacement level—the average
age of the population will rise, and
population size may fall in the absence of
immigration. A majority of international
migrants are from developing countries,
and these migrants make up a significant
part of population growth in industrial
countries. However, the number of migrants
leaving most developing countries is too
small to have much impact on the countries’
population growth.
The world’s population is expected to
grow to 7.2 billion in 2015 and 7.9 billion
in 2025, with more than 90 percent of the
growth occurring in developing countries.
The world’s population grew at an
extraordinary rate in the 20th century—
from 1.6 billion in 1900 to 6.1 billion in
2000, reaching 6.9 billion in 2010. Eighty-
four percent of the world’s people live in
developing countries. East and South Asia,
with half the world’s population in 1960,
added 2 billion people over 50 years. Sub-
Saharan Africa, whose population more than
tripled in the same time period, from 230
million to 850 million, grew fastest.
2010 2020 2030 2010 2020 2030
Developing countries High-income countries
Population ages 65 and older
Population ages 15–64
Population ages 0–14
The population is aging in both developing and
high-income countries
Age structure (% of total population)
Source: World Bank, HealthStats database
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
6
65
29
8
66
26
10
66
24
16
67
17
18
65
17
21
62
17
High-income
7%
Sub-Saharan
Africa
37%
South Asia
27%
East Asia &
Pacific
12%
Latin America &
Caribbean
8%
Middle East &
North Africa
8%
Europe &
Central Asia
1%
Source: World Bank, HealthStats database
More than 90 percent of population growth
will occur in developing countries, particularly
in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa
Share of population increase by region, 2010–2030Total fertility rate (births per woman)
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Fertility rates are falling, but they remain highest in Sub-Saharan Africa
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Latin America & Caribbean
Middle East & North Africa
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
East Asia & Pacific
Europe & Central Asia
High-income
33People
Urbanization will intensify. About 90 percent of the
additional population will be in urban areas. A third of
people in urban areas will live in slums that lack basic
social services such as clean water and sanitation and
decent housing. In Sub-Saharan Africa, about 60 percent
of urban dwellers will live in slums.
The average age of the population will increase as
fertility slows and people live longer. About 20 percent of
the population will be 65 years and older in high-income
countries in 2025. The population will age at a higher rate
in developing countries, although the share of elderly will
remain lower than in high-income countries. In 2025,
9 percent of the population in developing countries will be
65 or older, a 42 percent increase since 2010.
Future population growth, mainly concentrated in
urban areas, poses challenges for many countries. Those
that cannot meet the needs of their current populations
will be hard pressed to provide more schools, health care,
employment opportunities, and infrastructure for growing
populations. Although cities offer more favorable settings
to deliver services because of their advantages of scale and
proximity, the challenge is how to take advantage of their
possibilities. Aging populations bring their own burden of
chronic and noncommunicable diseases such as heart disease
and stroke, cancer, and diabetes. Such diseases currently
account for 60 percent of all deaths, and they are rapidly
increasing in developing countries, putting additional
pressure on health budgets.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Projected population
(millions)
Countries with the largest population in 2020Father and son in Bhutan
India
China
United States
Indonesia
Brazil
Pakistan
Nigeria
Bangladesh
Russian Federation
Mexico
1,385
1,382
335
262
210
205
204
167
139
126
CountryRank
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Dominican
Republic
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
Cayman Islands (UK)
Andorra
The Gambia
Cape Verde
São Tomé and Príncipe
Luxembourg
The Bahamas
St. Kitts and Nevis
Antigua and BarbudaAruba
(Neth) St. Lucia
French Polynesia (Fr)
Kiribati
Sint Maarten (Neth)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
Isle of Man (UK)
Channel Islands (UK)
Liechtenstein
Monaco
Greenland (Den)
Bermuda
(UK)
US Virgin
Islands (US)
Grenada
Guadeloupe (Fr)
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Barbados
Martinique (Fr)
French Guiana
(Fr)
Curaçao
(Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)Puerto
Rico (US)
Dominica
Gibraltar (UK)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
Western
Sahara
Middle East & North Africa
1.8%
Latin America & Caribbean
1.2%
0.0–0.9%
1.0–1.9%
2.0–2.9%
3.0% or more
less than 0.0%
no data
annual average growth rate, 2000–2011
population growth
34
The world’s population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, with
virtually all population growth occurring in developing countries.
It took human history up to the early 1800s to reach 1 billion
people; today the world gains 1 billion people every 12 to 14 years.
Almost all population growth between 2008 and 2030 will occur in
urban areas, the vast majority of them in developing countries.
Sub-Saharan Africa will experience the largest proportional increase
in population, from 12 percent of the world’s population today to
21 percent by 2050, while East Asia and the Pacific’s share, which
stands at 29 percent today, is expected to fall to 23 percent by 2050.
UN Population
Information Network
UN Population Fund
Demographic and
Health Surveys
World Bank—HealthStats
U.S. Census Bureau
www.un.org/popin
www.unfpa.org
www.measuredhs.com
datatopics.worldbank.org/hnp
www.census.gov
Population Reference Bureau www.prb.org
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Qatar
Kuwait
Bahrain
Timor-Leste
West Bank and Gaza
Comoros
Singapore
Brunei Darussalam
Vanuatu
Solomon Islands
American Samoa (US)
Guam (US)
Maldives
Lebanon
Israel
CyprusSan
Marino
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
Kosovo
Malta
Réunion (Fr)
Seychelles
Mauritius
Mayotte
(Fr)
Palau
Federated States of Micronesia
Marshall Islands
Tuvalu
Tonga
Samoa
Fiji
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Nauru
Sub-Saharan Africa
2.5%
Europe & Central Asia
0.2%
South Asia
1.5%
East Asia & Pacific
0.8%
35People
Years
Economies with the longest and shortest
life expectancies, 2010
A child in Sub-Saharan Africa can only expect to reach,
on average, the age of 54
48
48
48
47
47
83
83
83
82
82
Longest
San Marino
Japan
Hong Kong SAR, China
Switzerland
Italy
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Guinea-Bissau
Central African Republic
Sierra Leone
Lesotho
Shortest
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Dominican
Republic
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
The Gambia
São Tomé and Príncipe
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
St. Lucia
Cape Verde
French Polynesia (Fr)
Channel Islands (UK)
Luxembourg
Bermuda
(UK)
Aruba
(Neth)
US Virgin
Islands (US)
Grenada
Guadeloupe (Fr)
Barbados
Martinique (Fr)
Puerto
Rico (US)
The Bahamas
French Guiana
(Fr)
Greenland (Den)
Isle of Man (UK)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
Liechtenstein
Gibraltar (UK)
Monaco
Andorra
Kiribati
Cayman Islands (UK)
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
Dominica
St. Kitts and Nevis
Antigua and Barbuda
Curaçao
(Neth)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
Western
Sahara
Middle East & North Africa
72 years
Latin America & Caribbean
74 years
50–59 years
60–69 years
70–74 years
75 years or more
less than 50 years
no data
life expectancy at birth, 2010
life expectancy
36
UN Population
Information Network
Demographic and
Health Surveys
World Bank—HealthStats
UN Population Fund
www.measuredhs.com
datatopics.worldbank.org/hnp
U.S. Census Bureau www.census.gov
Population Reference Bureau www.prb.org
www.un.org/popin
www.unfpa.org
Life expectancy at birth has reached 80 years in high-income
countries, 11 years longer than in 1960.
Male life expectancy in Europe and Central Asia fell from 64 years
to 61 years between 1988 and 1994. Life expectancy started to
recover and was back to 66 years in 2010.
Life expectancy for Zimbabwe and Swaziland is over 10 years
shorter today than in 1990, the result of the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
In 1960, life expectancy in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa was
43 years and 41 years, respectively, but today there is a 11-year gap
between South Asia (65 years) and Sub-Saharan Africa (54 years).
In four countries, all of them in Europe and Central Asia, female
life expectancy is longer than male life expectancy by more than
10 years.
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Comoros
Solomon Islands
Federated States of Micronesia
Fiji
Timor-Leste
Kosovo
Lebanon
West Bank and Gaza
Seychelles
Mauritius
Vanuatu
Tonga
Samoa
San
Marino
Malta
Israel
Cyprus
Qatar
Kuwait
Bahrain
Réunion (Fr)
Mayotte
(Fr)
Maldives Singapore
Brunei Darussalam
Guam (US)
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Palau
Marshall Islands
Tuvalu
Nauru
American Samoa (US)
Sub-Saharan Africa
54 years
Europe & Central Asia
71 years
South Asia
65 years
East Asia & Pacific
72 years
37People
Source: Understanding Children's Work (UCW) calculation based on Zambia Labour Force Survey, 2005
Child activity status by age (15–17 years), Zambia (%), 2005
School exclusively
40.3%
Both activities
35.5%
Both activities 36.5%
Economic activity
exclusively 21.4%
Neither activity
6.9%
Economic activity
exclusively 12.4%
Neither activity
11.8%
School exclusively
35.2%
As age increases, children are more involved in economic activity
Child activity status by age (7–14 years), Zambia (%), 2005
Fewer young children are available to enter the
labor force
Number of child laborers (millions)
2000 2004 2008
Source: International Labour Office, 2010, Accelerating action against child labor, Geneva
0
40
80
120
160
200
5−14 years
15−17 years
38
Children at work
There are 215 million child
laborers across the developing
world. Some perform simple tasks
within the family; others endure
long hours in harsh and damaging
conditions. Children’s work
interferes with their education and
can impede physical and mental
development, reducing their
prospects for leading healthy and
productive lives.
The number of working children ages 5–17
fell by 30 million between 2000 and 2008.
The progress was significant among the
younger child laborers ages 5–14, but the
population of the older working children
ages 15–17 still grew. Sixty percent of child
laborers are found in agriculture, and
68 percent work for their own families
without pay.
Fewer children are working in hazardous
occupations. The ratio of children in
hazardous occupations to all child laborers
improved to 54 percent in 2008 from
70 percent in 2000. Boys are more likely to
be engaged in hazardous work. Asia and the
Pacific had the largest population of children
in hazardous occupations while Sub-Saharan
Africa recorded the highest incidence in
2008. Exposure to workplace hazards at an
early age has consequences for children’s
immediate safety and long-term health.
A substantial proportion of working
children manage to attend school, at least
some of the time, but children cannot
benefit from their time in the classroom if
they are tired or stressed by work or made
ill by hazardous working conditions. And
many drop out early to devote more time
Boy tending field of potatoes with his
family in Brazil
Reported work-related ill health, children ages 5–17 years (%), by hours worked, 2001–2003
Source: Understanding Children's Work (UCW), 2004, Impact of working time on children's health
1–10 hours 11–20 hours 21–30 hours 31–40 hours 40+ hours
Bangladesh CambodiaBrazil
Long hours of work affect children’s health
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Source: Understanding Children's Work (UCW), 2006, Child labour in
Venezuela: children’s economic vulnerability to macroeconomic shocks
No
activities
Work
only
Work and
school
School
only
The number of working children increased
during an economic downturn (2002–2003)
Children ages 10−14 years in R.B. Venezuela,
by activity status (%)
0
5
10
15
100
Children in hazardous occupations by region (5−17 age group, % of total children), 2008
Source: International Labour Office, 2010, Accelerating action against child labor, Geneva * ILO region
Asia &
Pacific *
Latin America &
Caribbean *
Sub-Saharan
Africa *
Other
regions *
Sub-Saharan Africa has a large share of children doing hazardous work
0
5
10
15
20
39Education
to work. Especially during financial crises, increased rates
of child labor and school dropout can be observed. In the
little time available to them, children balancing school and
work are deprived of leisure and rest. Girls are particularly
disadvantaged, as they often undertake household chores
after work. However, their situation may be improving,
evidenced by the 15 percent decrease in the number of girl
child laborers.
The effects of child labor extend into adulthood. Lacking
adequate education, young people are likely to wind up in
low-paid, insecure work, or to be unemployed. They are more
likely to be self-employed or in unpaid family work rather than
paid employment. They also suffer from lower productivity,
social stigma, and lower job aspirations.
Child labor, for too long seen as
an isolated issue, not only is a serious
violation of the rights of children, it
also has broader consequences for
national development. Because child
labor cuts across many development
issues including schooling, health
care, labor market conditions, labor
standards and legislation, and
social protection, it requires action
by governments, employers, labor
organizations, and schools as well as
by families themselves.
Children on their way home from farmwork, Son La province,
northern Vietnam
Country
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Children at work
(% of children ages 7–14,
most recent year 2006–2010)
Highest proportion of working children
Rank
Benin
Sierra Leone
Guinea-Bissau
Ghana
Niger
Côte d’Ivoire
South Sudan
Somalia
Cameroon
Peru
74.4
53.7
50.5
48.9
47.1
45.7
45.6
43.5
43.4
42.2
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Dominican
Republic
The Gambia
São Tomé and Príncipe
Cape Verde
Gibraltar (UK)
Monaco
Luxembourg
Liechtenstein
Andorra
Isle of Man (UK)
Channel Islands (UK)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
Greenland (Den)
French Polynesia (Fr)
Kiribati
Bermuda
(UK)
St. Kitts and Nevis
Antigua and Barbuda
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Grenada
Barbados
Martinique (Fr)
Guadeloupe (Fr)
French Guiana
(Fr)
Aruba
(Neth)
Cayman Islands (UK)
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
The Bahamas
Puerto
Rico (US) US Virgin
Islands (US)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
Dominica
St. Lucia
Curaçao
(Neth)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
Western
Sahara
25.0–39.9%
15.0–24.9%
5.0–14.9%
less than 5.0%
40.0% or more
no data
economically active children as a share of children
ages 7–14, 1996–2010, most recent year available
children at work
40
Understanding Children’s
Work Project
International Labour
Organization—
Child Labor
UNICEF Childinfo—
Child Labor
www.ilo.org/global/topics/
child-labour/lang--en/
index.htm
www.ucw-project.org
www.childinfo.org/
labour.html
More boys are engaged in child labor than girls, except for the
Democratic Republic of Congo, Lao P.D.R., and Nepal. But there
are wide variations among countries. In Bangladesh and Nicaragua,
the gender difference is more than 10 percentage points.
More than 75 percent of child laborers in Morocco, Pakistan, and
South Sudan do not attend school, while almost all working children
in Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Ukraine attend school.
In the Kyrgyz Republic, Romania, and Timor-Leste, over 97 percent of
working children are engaged in the agricultural sector. In Chile, the
Dominican Republic, and Uruguay, 60 to 70 percent of child laborers
work in the service sector and fewer than 30 percent in agriculture.
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
Rep. of
Congo
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Timor-Leste
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Guam (US)
Palau
Federated States of Micronesia
Marshall Islands
Nauru
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
American Samoa (US)
Vanuatu
Tonga
Solomon Islands
Samoa
Tuvalu
Fiji
Singapore
Brunei Darussalam
Maldives
Réunion (Fr)
Mayotte
(Fr)
Seychelles
Mauritius
Comoros
Lebanon
Israel
Cyprus
West Bank and Gaza
Malta
Kosovo
San
Marino
Qatar
Kuwait
Bahrain
41Education
0
20
40
60
80
100
Primary completion rate by wealth quintile
(% of relevant age group), 2008
Years of schooling by urban-rural residence,
ages 15–19, Nigeria, 2008 (%)
Source: Demographic and Health Surveys; Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey Source: World Bank Edstats database
Ghana Madagascar Nigeria 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Poorest quintile
Richest quintile
Year of schooling
Urban
Rural
Children from poor families and those living in rural areas are less likely to complete schooling
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Eas
t A
sia
&
Pac
ific Eu
rop
e &
Ce
ntr
al A
sia
Lat
in
Am
eri
ca
&
Ca
rib
bea
n
Mi
dd
le E
ast
&
No
rth
Af
ric
a
So
uth
As
ia
Su
b-S
aha
ran
Afr
ica
Primary completion rates have improved,
but regional differences remain
Primary completion rate (% of relevant age group)
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
20
10
19
91
20
10
19
91
20
10
20
10
19
91
20
10
19
91
20
10
19
91
19
91
42
Education opens doors
The promise of full primary
education for everyone by 2015
has been around since 1990.
Enrollment rates are rising, but
many children still do not start,
attend, or complete primary
school. A good quality education
is key to sustainable development
and poverty alleviation and
accelerates improvement in
other areas.
Progress has been made toward universal
primary education since 1990. In 2010,
89 percent of the world’s school-age
children were enrolled in primary schools.
Primary completion rates—the proportion of
children completing the last year of primary
school—measure progress toward this
goal. In East Asia and the Pacific, Europe
and Central Asia, and Latin America and
the Caribbean, most children enroll in and
complete primary school. But South Asia and
Sub-Saharan Africa, with primary completion
rates of just 88 and 70 percent, respectively,
lag far behind. Worldwide, some 60 million
primary school-age children remained
out of school in 2010. About 75 percent of
those were in South Asia and Sub-Saharan
Africa. There are many reasons children
drop out or never attend school. Schools
may be inaccessible or inadequate; teachers
may be absent or indifferent, especially
in rural areas; parents may not be able to
afford school-related costs; or there may
be demands for children’s labor and their
income. Children in poor families and those
living in rural areas are less likely to enroll
and attend school and more likely to drop
out earlier.
Enrollment and completion rates are
important measures of education, but they
Rural children walking to school near Ulundi in Kwa-Zulu Natal,
South Africa
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics
Ea
st
A
si
a
&
Pa
ci
fic
Eu
ro
pe
&
C
en
tr
al
A
si
a
La
tin
A
m
er
ic
a
&
C
ar
ib
be
an
M
id
dl
e
Ea
st
&
N
or
th
A
fr
ic
a
So
ut
h
As
ia
Su
b-
Sa
ha
ra
n
Af
ri
ca
0
20
40
60
80
100
Achievements in secondary and tertiary
enrollment vary among regions
Gross enrollment ratio (% of relevant age group), 2010
Secondary
Tertiary
Average mathematics score on the SACMEQ exam, 2007
Source: World Bank Edstats database
Zambia South Africa Tanzania Mauritius
Standardized tests reveal achievement gaps
Female
Male
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
43Education
do not always indicate successful education. Some students
complete primary school without acquiring adequate literacy
and numeracy skills. Hence there is an increased focus on
measuring and monitoring education quality and learning
achievement. Many countries conduct national assessments to
monitor progress in learning outcome, but differences persist.
Results from international assessments, such as the Progress for
International Student Achievement (PISA) and Southern and
Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality
(SACMEQ), reveal large achievement gaps among countries,
especially between developing and developed countries.
Beyond primary schooling
To compete in today’s knowledge-driven economy and shifting
global markets, countries need a flexible, skilled work force, able
to create and apply knowledge. This
is usually achieved through strong
secondary and tertiary education
systems. While all regions have made
progress in expanding secondary and
tertiary enrollments between 1991
and 2010, disparities remain between
regions, and by gender, household
wealth, and rural/urban location.
Europe and Central Asia and Latin
America and the Caribbean have
enrollment rates of about 90 percent
in secondary education, but only
Europe and Central Asia has tertiary
enrollment reaching 50 percent. In
Sub-Saharan Africa, where primary
enrollment is lower than all other
regions, the secondary enrollment ratio
is even lower, about 40 percent, and a
huge gender gap persists: the ratio of
female to male secondary enrollment is
only 82 percent. Achieving widespread
and equitable access to education will
remain a development goal for many
years to come.
Country
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Rank
Completion rate
(%, MRY 2007–2011)
Chad
Djibouti
Eritrea
Central African Republic
Burkina Faso
Niger
Angola
Equatorial Guinea
Mali
Burundi
35
36
40
43
45
46
47
52
55
56
Lowest primary completion rates, 2007–2011Preschool micro-project in Armenia
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Dominican
Republic
The Gambia
Dominica
Cayman Islands (UK)
Aruba
(Neth) St. Lucia
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Bermuda
(UK)
The Bahamas
Antigua and Barbuda
Grenada
Barbados
São Tomé and Príncipe
Cape Verde
Liechtenstein
Kiribati
French Polynesia (Fr)
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
US Virgin
Islands (US)
Puerto
Rico (US)
Guadeloupe (Fr)
Martinique (Fr)
Greenland (Den)
Isle of Man (UK)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
Channel Islands (UK)
Luxembourg
Gibraltar (UK)
Monaco
Andorra
Curaçao
(Neth)
French Guiana
(Fr)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
Western
Sahara
Middle East & North Africa
91%
Latin America & Caribbean
102%*
*Primary completion rate can exceed
100 percent because it can include
children who are older or younger
than the official school age
50–69%
70–84%
85–94%
95% or more
less than 50%
no data
primary completion rate, 2007–2011,
most recent year available
education for all
44
UNICEF Childinfo—Education
UNESCO—Education www.unesco.org/new/en/
education/
UNESCO Institute for Statistics www.uis.unesco.org
www.childinfo.org/
education.html
World Bank Edstats data.worldbank.org/
data-catalog/ed-stats
Demographic and
Health Surveys
www.measuredhs.com
UN MDG Indicators unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg
There are 60 million children of primary school age who are out
of school. About 50 percent of them are in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Latin America and the Caribbean has one of the highest primary
net enrollment rates at 95 percent, but also one of the highest
percentage of repeaters at 8 percent—the same level as that of
Sub-Saharan Africa, which has the lowest net enrollment ratio.
In Sub-Saharan Africa, the adult literacy gap between men and
women is more than 20 percentage points. The gap is much
smaller among young people ages 15–24, reflecting the recent
improvement in education participation.
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Timor-Leste
Vanuatu
Comoros
Lebanon
San
Marino
Malta
Israel
Cyprus
West Bank and Gaza
Qatar
Kuwait
Seychelles
Mauritius
Maldives
Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands
Samoa
Fiji
Réunion (Fr)
Mayotte
(Fr)
Kosovo
Bahrain
Singapore
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Guam (US)
Palau
Federated States of Micronesia
Solomon Islands
Nauru
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
American Samoa (US)
Tonga
Tuvalu
Sub-Saharan Africa
70%
Europe & Central Asia
98%
South Asia
88%
East Asia & Pacific
97%
45Education
Source: International Labour Organization, Key Indicators of the Labor Market database
Developing regions with available data
Europe &
Central Asia
Latin
America &
Caribbean
Middle East &
North Africa
South Asia High-
income
countries
Contributing family workers as a percentage of
employed males and females (%), 2010
Despite narrowing gender gaps in education,
women are more likely than men to work as
unpaid family workers
0
10
20
30
40
50
Male
Female
Primary Secondary Tertiary
Female-male ratio of gross enrollment ratios (%), 2010
Secondary and tertiary enrollment rates of girls are
much lower than those of boys in Sub-Saharan Africa,
South Asia, and the Middle East and North Africa
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics
Sub-Saharan
Africa
East Asia &
Pacific
Europe &
Central Asia
Latin America &
Caribbean
Middle East &
North Africa
South Asia
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
46
Gender equality and
development
Women around the world have
made unprecedented progress in
education, health, and access to
some labor market opportunities
in the past quarter century.
However, gender inequality
still has a significant effect on
many aspects of women’s lives.
Established institutions may be
unfavorable to women, while
societal and cultural norms often
limit their economic opportunities,
which in turn constrain their social
and political influence.
students in secondary and tertiary education.
Women make up 40 percent of the global
labor force and 43 percent of the world’s
farmers. Moreover, as women have gained
better access to health services, their health
outcomes have improved dramatically in
the last two decades. More women than
ever now have access to antenatal care and
birth assistance provided by trained health
professionals. Women also live longer than
men in every region of the world.
Yet progress has not come evenly to
all countries or to all women or along all
dimensions of gender equality. Women and
girls still face discrimination and constraints
in different areas of their lives. Gender
gaps in secondary and tertiary education
remain persistent in regions like South
Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, and
Sub-Saharan Africa. In almost all countries,
societal norms and expectations have
strong influences on the choice of subjects
of studies in higher education by men and
women. Social and cultural stereotyping also
biases the roles and remuneration of women
in the labor market. Despite a high female
labor force participation rate, the types of
The last quarter century has witnessed an
unprecedented narrowing of gender gaps
in education, health, and access to some
labor market opportunities. Gender gaps
in primary schooling have been closed, and
in one-third of the developing countries,
female students now outnumber male
M
id
dl
e
Ea
st
&
N
or
th
A
fr
ic
a
Eu
ro
pe
&
C
en
tr
al
A
si
a
Ea
st
A
si
a
&
Pa
ci
fic
Su
b-
Sa
ha
ra
n
Af
ri
ca
So
ut
h
As
ia
La
tin
A
m
er
ic
a
&
C
ar
ib
be
an
H
ig
h-
in
co
m
e,
O
EC
D
Source: Inter Parliamentary Union (data represent the situation as of May 31 of the year)
Percentage of seats held by women in
lower or single house (%)
There has been progress in the past decade, but women still hold less
than a quarter of parliamentary seats
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Uganda India Morocco Turkey Costa
Rica
China
Source: Global Findex, World Bank
In many countries, a noticeably higher
percentage of men than women have an
account at a formal financial institution
Percentage of females and males (age 15+) who
have an account at a formal financial institution (%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Female
Male-female gap
Percentage of births assisted by skilled health personnel (%)
Source: Demographic and Health Surveys, 2008–2011
Ethiopia NigeriaTimor-Leste Nepal CambodiaBolivia
Women in wealthier households are more likely to have their babies
delivered by skilled health professionals than those from poorer households
Poorest 20%
Richest 20%
National
average
56.350.4
71.0
85.9
90.4 98.8 97.3
2.9
12.4
8.7
20.6
39.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2002
2012
47Gender
employment and the levels of earnings of women are generally
inferior to those of men. Women, especially poor women,
also bear a disproportionate share of domestic and care-
giving responsibilities, leaving them very little time for market
activities. In addition, women among disadvantaged groups
still lack access to services such as transportation, education,
and health care. Inadequate delivery of health services in the
rural areas and among the poorest individuals places women
at a higher risk of death during infancy, childhood, and
reproductive years. Women also have less access than men to
productive assets and services, such as land, capital, financial
services, and information communication technologies (ICTs).
The many biases and constraints
women face in different stages of their
lives leave a vast number of them
isolated and without bargaining and
decision-making power, whether within
the household, in the marketplace, in
civil society, or in politics.
Evidence has shown that growth
and economic development alone do
not lead to gender equality in all its
dimensions. Public action plays an
important role. Promoting gender
equality has received heightened
attention and commitment of the
international development community
in recent years. Ongoing public efforts
need to be intensified in four priority
areas: reducing excess female mortality
and closing the remaining gender
gaps in education, improving access
to economic opportunities for women,
increasing women’s voice and agency
in the household and in society, and
limiting the reproduction of gender
inequality across generations.
Countries with lowest ratio of girls to boys
gross enrollment rates in primary and
secondary education, MRY 2007–2011
Developing country
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Ratio (%)Rank
Somalia
Afghanistan
Chad
Central African Republic
Yemen, Rep.
Togo
Guinea
Niger
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Angola
53
64
66
69
75
75
77
78
79
79
Students taking year-end exams at Martyr Kardi School in
Sana’a, Yemen
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Dominican
Republic
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Antigua and Barbuda
Liechtenstein
The Gambia
St. Kitts and Nevis
Aruba
(Neth)
Guadeloupe (Fr)
Martinique (Fr)
French Guiana
(Fr)
Luxembourg
Andorra
São Tomé and Príncipe
Cape Verde
Bermuda
(UK)
The Bahamas
Puerto
Rico (US)
Dominica
Cayman Islands (UK)
Grenada
Barbados
Kiribati
French Polynesia (Fr)
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
US Virgin
Islands (US)
Gibraltar (UK)
Greenland (Den)
Isle of Man (UK)
Channel Islands (UK)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
Monaco
Curaçao
(Neth)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
Western
Sahara
Middle East & North Africa
96%
Latin America & Caribbean
102%*
*Primary and secondary completion rates
can exceed 100 percent because they
can include children who are older or
younger than the official school age
80–89%
90–97%
98–100%
101% or more
less than 80%
no data
ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary
education, 2007–2011, most recent year available
gender equity in education
48
World Development Report 2012:
Gender Equality and Development
World Bank
Gender Data Portal
data.worldbank.org/gender
www.worldbank.org/wdr2012
UNICEF Childinfo—Education www.childinfo.org/
education.html
UNESCO Institute for Statistics www.uis.unesco.org
The Little Data Book on
Gender 2011
data.worldbank.org/products/
data-books/little-data-book-
on-gender
In 2010, 64 percent of the 800 million illiterate adults (ages
15 and above) in the world were women—a share that has
remained unchanged since 1990.
Gender stereotyping in education largely reflects societal norms and
expectations and has implications for gender gaps in job placement
and earnings. In many countries, females constitute 70 to 90 percent
of the total university graduates in education and health, but only 10
to 30 percent in law, engineering, manufacturing and construction.
The gross enrollment ratio of girls in secondary and tertiary
education in the Middle East and North Africa, South Asia, and
Sub-Saharan Africa is still considerably lower than that of boys.
Some countries have experienced reverse gender gaps in school
enrollment, especially at the secondary and tertiary levels. Male
disadvantage in education needs to be closely monitored.
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Benin
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Solomon Islands
Vanuatu
Malta
Timor-Leste
Mayotte
(Fr)
Réunion (Fr)
Mauritius
Cyprus
Marshall Islands
Samoa
Fiji
Brunei Darussalam
Seychelles
Qatar
Kuwait
Lebanon
Israel
West Bank and Gaza
San
Marino
Kosovo
Bahrain
Comoros
Maldives Singapore
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Guam (US)
Palau
Federated States of Micronesia
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
American Samoa (US)
Tonga
Tuvalu
Nauru
Sub-Saharan Africa
88%
Europe & Central Asia
97%
South Asia
91%
East Asia & Pacific
102%*
49Gender
Countries with lowest ratio of female to male
labor participation rates, 2010
Developing country
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Ratio (%)Rank
Syrian Arab Republic
Afghanistan
Algeria
Iraq
West Bank and Gaza
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Jordan
Pakistan
Egypt, Arab Rep.
Lebanon
18
19
21
21
22
22
23
27
32
32
Woman at work in the fields near Nongma village, southwest China
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Dominican
Republic
Cape Verde
São Tomé and Príncipe
Puerto
Rico (US)
French Polynesia (Fr)
US Virgin
Islands (US)
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Luxembourg
St. Lucia
Barbados
Martinique (Fr)
Guadeloupe (Fr)
French Guiana
(Fr)
The Bahamas
The Gambia
Greenland (Den)
Isle of Man (UK)
Channel Islands (UK)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
Gibraltar (UK)
Monaco
Liechtenstein
Andorra
Kiribati
Bermuda
(UK)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
Cayman Islands (UK)
Aruba
(Neth)
Dominica
St. Kitts and Nevis
Antigua and Barbuda
Grenada
Curaçao
(Neth)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
Western
Sahara
Middle East & North Africa
25%
Latin America & Caribbean
40%
55–69%
70–79%
80–85%
86% or more
less than 55%
no data
ratio of female to male labor
participation, 2010
gender equity in
the labor market
50
International Labour Organization,
Key Indicators of the Labour Market
www.ilo.org/empelm/what/
WCMS_114240/lang--en/
index.htm
The Global Financial Inclusion
(Global Findex) Database
go.worldbank.org/
VMW3ST4CQ0
Women in National Parliaments,
Inter-Parliamentary Union
www.ipu.org/wmn-e/
world.htm
World Development Report 2012:
Gender Equality and Development
www.worldbank.org/wdr2012
Women are more likely than men to be vulnerable workers—that is,
less likely to have social protection and safety nets to guard against
economic shocks. In developing countries, 65 percent of women
were in vulnerable jobs in 2010 compared with 57 percent for men.
In almost all countries, including high-income countries, women
are more likely than men to engage in low-productivity activities,
and they are more likely to be employed in informal sectors. As a
result, women earn only 10 to 80 percent of what men earn.
Women’s political participation remains low in both developed and
developing countries. Only 20 percent of the parliamentary seats
were occupied by women globally by mid-2012.
Women shoulder a much larger burden in household chores than
men do. For example, the time women spend on fetching water each
day can be two to four times the time men spend.
Facts Internet links
World Bank
Gender Data Portal
data.worldbank.org/gender
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Benin
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Fiji
Timor-LesteComoros
Malta
Lebanon
West Bank and Gaza
Kuwait
Bahrain
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
Solomon Islands
Samoa
Qatar
Mauritius
Guam (US)
Maldives Singapore
Brunei Darussalam
Vanuatu
Tonga
Réunion (Fr)
Mayotte
(Fr)
Israel
Cyprus
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Palau
Federated States of Micronesia
American Samoa (US)
Tuvalu
Nauru
Marshall Islands
Seychelles
San
Marino
Kosovo
Sub-Saharan Africa
42%
Europe & Central Asia
44%
South Asia
29%
East Asia & Pacific
45%
51Gender
Child mortality rates have declined over four decades
Source: UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Under-5 mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) Latin America & Caribbean
Middle East & North Africa
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
East Asia & Pacific
Europe & Central Asia
High-income
0
50
100
150
200
250
52
Children under 5—
struggling to survive
Seven million children died before
their fifth birthday in 2011, the
vast majority from causes that are
preventable through a combination
of good care, nutrition, and simple
medical treatment. Child mortality
is closely linked to poverty, and
poor children are twice as likely
to die before their fifth birthday
compared with children from
rich families.
prevention, prevention of mother-child
HIV transmission, and increased access to
antiretroviral drugs, safe drinking water, and
sanitation have all contributed to the decline.
Child mortality is increasingly
concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa and
South Asia, where under-5 mortality rates
were 109 and 62 per 1,000, respectively,
in 2011. In high-income countries the
mortality rate is less than one-tenth those.
Half of all child deaths occurred in only
five countries—India, Nigeria, Democratic
Republic of Congo, Pakistan, and China.
India and Nigeria together account for
one-third of all under-5 deaths worldwide.
Under-5 mortality is higher among
children living in rural areas and in poorer
households. These children are less likely to
have access to good-quality health care or to
avail themselves of these services.
Good childcare practices such as early
and exclusive breastfeeding, and low-
cost treatments and interventions such as
antibiotics for respiratory infections, oral
rehydration for diarrhea, immunization, and
the use of insecticide-treated bednets and
appropriate drugs in malarial regions, can
prevent many unnecessary deaths. However,
only 34 percent of children sleep under
insecticide-treated bednets in Sub-Saharan
Child mortality has improved in every
region since 1970, when one in six children
died before the age of 5. By 2011, this
rate had fallen to 1 in 18 children. Latin
America and the Caribbean and the Middle
East and North Africa made the greatest
progress: in 2011, child mortality there
was less than one-sixth the level of 1970.
Much of the improvement in these regions
occurred among the poorest segments of
the population. Better health care and public
health measures such as immunization, use
of insecticide-treated bednets for malaria
Under-5 mortality rate
(per 1,000) urban/rural location
Source: Demographic and Health Surveys
Bolivia
2008
Madagascar
2008–2009
Children living in rural areas are more likely
to die than children in urban areas
0
20
40
60
80
100
Urban
Rural
Under-5 mortality rate
(per 1,000) by wealth quintile
Source: Demographic and Health Surveys
Bolivia
2008
Madagascar
2008–2009
Children in poor households are more likely
to die than children in rich households
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Poorest
Richest
Source: UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation
Ea
st
A
si
a
&
Pa
ci
fic
Eu
ro
pe
&
C
en
tr
al
A
si
a
La
tin
A
m
er
ic
a
&
C
ar
ib
be
an
M
id
dl
e
Ea
st
&
N
or
th
A
fr
ic
a
So
ut
h
As
ia
Su
b-
Sa
ha
ra
n
Af
ri
ca
H
ig
h-
in
co
m
e
Except in Sub-Saharan Africa, the number of
under-5 deaths has fallen significantly
Number of under-5 deaths (thousands) 1990
2011
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
Children of a slum-dwelling family have a high risk of dying before
the age of 5
53Health
Africa, where 90 percent of malaria deaths occur. More than
30 percent of children in South Asia with respiratory infections
are not taken to health providers and 16 percent of children
in developing countries lack immunization against measles.
Improved public services, such as safe water and sanitation
and education, especially for girls and mothers, can help save
children’s lives. Greater effort is needed to make sure these
services reach poor families and people in rural areas, because
they suffer the most and are the hardest to reach.
Nutrition and child mortality
More than one-third of child deaths are attributable to
malnutrition, which weakens children’s immune systems
and reduces resistance to diseases. The process often begins
at birth, when poorly nourished mothers give birth to
underweight babies. Improper feeding and childcare practices
worsen malnutrition. In developing countries, nearly 30 percent
of children under 5 are stunted (that is, too short for their
age) as a result of chronic malnutrition. Breast milk alone
is the ideal nourishment for infants for the first six months,
providing all of the nutrients as well as antibodies that help
to prevent disease. However, exclusive breastfeeding is often
stopped in favor of commercial breast milk substitutes or early
introduction of solid or soft foods. Fewer than 40 percent of
infants under six months in developing countries enjoy the
benefit of exclusive breastfeeding.
Country
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Under-5
mortality rate
(per 1,000 live births)
Highest under-5 mortality rate, 2011Man with sick child in waiting room of local hospital in Africa
Rank
Sierra Leone
Somalia
Mali
Chad
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Central African Republic
Guinea-Bissau
Angola
Burkina Faso
Burundi
185
180
176
169
168
164
161
158
146
139
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Dominican
Republic
The Gambia
Kiribati
São Tomé and Príncipe
Cape Verde
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Barbados
The Bahamas
Dominica
St. Lucia
Grenada
Guadeloupe (Fr)
St. Kitts and Nevis
Antigua and Barbuda
Martinique (Fr)
French Guiana
(Fr)
Luxembourg
Liechtenstein
Andorra
Monaco
French Polynesia (Fr)
Greenland (Den.)
Gibraltar (UK)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
Isle of Man (UK)
Channel Islands (UK)
Bermuda
(UK)
Curaçao
(Neth)
Aruba
(Neth)
Cayman Islands (UK)
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
Puerto
Rico (US)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
US Virgin
Islands (US)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
Western
Sahara
Middle East & North Africa
32
Latin America & Caribbean
19
10–19
20–34
35–99
100 or more
less than 10
no data
under-5 mortality rate per 1,000 live births, 2011
child mortality
54
World Health Organization—
Maternal, Newborn, Child and
Adolescent Health
UNICEF Childinfo—
Child Mortality
www.childinfo.org/
mortality.html
www.who.int/child_adolescent_
health/data/child/en
World Bank HNPstats go.worldbank.org/N2N84RDV00
Demographic and
Health Surveys
www.measuredhs.com
UN Millennium
Development Goals
unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg
Inter-agency Group for
Child Mortality Estimation
database (CME Info)
www.childmortality.org/
6.9 million children a year die before their fifth birthday,
approximately 40 percent of them during their first four
weeks of life.
Four diseases—pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, and AIDS—
accounted for 38 percent of all deaths in children under 5
worldwide in 2010.
Substantial progress has been made toward reducing child mortality.
In 2011, 14,000 fewer children under age 5 died every day compared
with 1990, and the rate of decline in under-5 mortality increased
between 2000 and 2011.
The number of child deaths has significantly decreased since 1990
in all regions except Sub-Saharan Africa.
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Benin
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Comoros
Federated States of Micronesia
Timor-Leste
West Bank and Gaza
Marshall Islands
Solomon Islands Tuvalu
Kuwait
Bahrain
Seychelles
Maldives
Mauritius
Palau
Vanuatu
Tonga
Fiji
Samoa
San
Marino
Malta
Israel
Cyprus
Lebanon
Réunion (Fr)
Mayotte
(Fr)
Qatar
Singapore
Brunei Darussalam
Kosovo
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Guam (US)
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
American Samoa (US)
Nauru
Sub-Saharan Africa
109
Europe & Central Asia
21
South Asia
62
East Asia & Pacific
21
55Health
Prevalence of child
stunting (%)
Highest rates of malnutrition, 2005–2011Malnourished children are vulnerable to diseases
58
58
55
49
48
48
48
48
46
46
Burundi
Timor-Leste
Niger
Madagascar
Guatemala
India
Malawi
Lao P.D.R.
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Zambia
Country
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Rank
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Dominican
Republic
The Gambia
São Tomé and Príncipe
French Polynesia (Fr)
Kiribati
Greenland (Den)
Isle of Man (UK)
Channel Islands (UK)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
Gibraltar (UK)
Monaco
Luxembourg
Liechtenstein
Andorra
Cape Verde
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
US Virgin
Islands (US)
Bermuda
(UK)
The Bahamas
Cayman Islands (UK)
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
Puerto
Rico (US)
Aruba
(Neth) St. Lucia
Dominica
Guadeloupe (Fr)
Martinique (Fr)
French Guiana
(Fr)
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
St. Kitts and Nevis
Grenada
Barbados
Antigua and Barbuda
Curaçao
(Neth)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
Western
Sahara
Middle East & North Africa
6%
Latin America & Caribbean
3%
less than 10.0%
10.0–19.9%
20.0–29.9%
30.0% or more
no data
proportion of children under 5
who are underweight, 2005–2011,
most recent year available
malnourished children
56
UNICEF Childinfo—
Undernutrition
WHO Global Database on
Child Growth and Nutrition
www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/en
www.childinfo.org/
undernutrition.html
FAO Food Security Statistics www.fao.org/publications/
sofi/en/
UNICEF Health Statistics www.unicef.org/health/index_
statistics.html
Malnutrition is an underlying cause for more than one-third of all
child deaths worldwide.
South Asia has the highest prevalence of underweight children.
One-third of children under 5 are underweight. Latin America and
the Caribbean has the lowest prevalence of underweight children
at 3 percent.
Nearly one-fifth of children under 5 (about 100 million) in
developing countries are underweight.
Children in rural areas are nearly twice as likely to be underweight
as those in urban areas, and poor children are more than twice as
likely to be underweight as rich children.
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Timor-Leste
Vanuatu
Solomon Islands
Maldives
Tuvalu
Kuwait
West Bank and Gaza
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
American Samoa (US)
Tonga
Samoa
Nauru
Fiji
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Guam (US)
Palau
Federated States of Micronesia
Marshall Islands
Singapore
Brunei Darussalam
Réunion (Fr)
Mayotte
(Fr)
Seychelles
Mauritius
Comoros
Qatar
Bahrain
Lebanon
Israel
CyprusSan
Marino
Malta
Kosovo
Sub-Saharan Africa
21%
South Asia
33%
East Asia & Pacific
5%
Europe & Central Asia
1%
57Health
Ea
st
A
si
a
&
Pa
ci
fic
Eu
ro
pe
&
C
en
tr
al
A
si
a
La
tin
A
m
er
ic
a
&
C
ar
ib
be
an
M
id
dl
e
Ea
st
&
N
or
th
A
fr
ic
a
So
ut
h
As
ia
Su
b-
Sa
ha
ra
n
Af
ri
ca
Source: UNICEF, The state of the world's children 2012
Births attended by skilled health staff (%)
Mothers in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa still
lack adequate health care during childbirth
0
20
40
60
80
100
20
00
20
10
20
00
20
10
20
00
20
10
20
00
20
10
20
00
20
10
20
00
20
10
Women in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are
at higher risk of dying during childbirth
Source: WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, and World Bank, 2012,
Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2010
East Asia & Pacific
Europe & Central Asia
Latin America & Caribbean
Middle East & North Africa
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
High-income
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
58
Improving the
health of mothers
Having a baby is a happy event.
But for many mothers, it is also
life-threatening. More than
280,000 women die each year from
pregnancy-related causes. Over
99 percent of all maternal deaths
occur in developing countries—
85 percent in poor countries in
Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
Most of these deaths are avoidable
with access to health care and
prompt medical procedures.
after delivery. Care by skilled health staff is
crucial for handling normal deliveries safely,
recognizing the onset of complications, and
referring the mother for emergency care as
needed. Less than half of births in South
Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are attended
by skilled health staff, compared with
99 percent in high-income countries.
Prenatal care during pregnancy is
important for the health and wellbeing of
mothers and their infants. The World
Health Organization recommends that
every woman have at least four prenatal
visits during pregnancy. But only 56 percent
of women in developing countries receive
such a level of care, and 19 percent receive
no prenatal care. In any country, poor
women are much less likely to receive care
during pregnancy and childbirth from
skilled health staff.
Maternal deaths are both caused by
poverty and a cause of it. A mother’s death
is not just a human tragedy but also an
economic and social catastrophe for the
family. Her children lose the opportunity of
a mother’s nurture and too often the chance
of education, leading the family even further
into poverty.
The risk of maternal death is often rooted
in a poor childhood. When malnourished
girls become mothers, they are more
vulnerable to complications or death during
delivery. These mothers often do not have
adequate access to health care before,
during, and after pregnancy, resulting in
untreated complications and higher risk of
death. The majority of all maternal deaths
occur just before, during, or immediately
Pregnant women receiving prenatal
care by wealth quintile (%)
Source: Demographic and Health Surveys
Bangladesh
2007
Egypt, Arab Rep.
2008
Nigeria
2008
Poor women receive less care during
pregnancy
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Poorest
Richest
Source: World Development Indicators database
Ea
st
A
si
a
&
Pa
ci
fic
Eu
ro
pe
&
C
en
tr
al
A
si
a
La
tin
A
m
er
ic
a
&
C
ar
ib
be
an
M
id
dl
e
Ea
st
&
N
or
th
A
fr
ic
a
So
ut
h
As
ia
Su
b-
Sa
ha
ra
n
Af
ri
ca
Contraceptive use is particularly low in
Sub-Saharan Africa
Contraceptive prevalence (% of married women
ages 15–49), 2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
19981997 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
East Asia & Pacific
Europe & Central Asia
Latin America & Caribbean
Middle East & North Africa
Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15–19)
Adolescent fertility is decreasing everywhere, but large regional
differences remain
Source: United Nations, World population prospects, 2010 revision
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
High-income
59Health
Compounding the risks of poor reproductive health care
are poorly timed and inadequately spaced births, which expose
women to frequent pregnancies in short intervals. Although
cheap and easy methods of preventing unwanted pregnancies
are available, every year more than 100 million couples, or
17 percent of married women, wanting to avoid pregnancy
do not use contraception. As a result, 50 percent of all
pregnancies are unplanned and 25 percent are unwanted—
and a quarter of pregnant women seek abortions. Many of
these abortions are performed by untrained providers, and
47,000 women die every year because of them. Contraceptive
use among women in developing countries has risen, from
less than 10 percent in 1960 to 61 percent in 2008. But there is
much variation—in Sub-Saharan Africa, only about 22 percent
of women plan their pregnancies.
Teenage pregnancies are high risk for both mother and
child. They are more likely to result in premature delivery,
low birth weight, delivery complications, and death. About
16 million girls ages 15–19 give birth each year, accounting
for more than 10 percent of all births. In addition to the risk of
death during pregnancy and childbirth, which is twice as high
as for older pregnant women, adolescent mothers often give
up opportunities for education and future employment and
earnings.
In the long run, promoting girls’ and women’s education
and offering them opportunities for success are just as
important for reducing birth rates as promoting contraception
and family planning. Education and greater gender equity
become a form of social contraception
for women. A woman’s education
provides knowledge and skills to
improve the nutritional and health
status of the family and build job skills
that allow her to join the workforce
and marry later in life. Education also
gives her the power to say how many
children she wants and when. These are
enduring qualities she will hand down
to her daughters.
Countries with low contraceptive prevalence
rate, 2005–2010
Fertility and mortality are highest in Sub-Saharan Africa with
low levels of contraceptive use and inadequate delivery care
Country
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Contraceptive prevalence
rate (% of married women
ages 15–49)Rank
Chad
Sudan
Sierra Leone
Mali
Guinea
Mauritania
Liberia
Senegal
Côte d'Ivoire
Macedonia, FYR
5
8
8
8
9
9
11
12
13
14
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Dominican
Republic
The Gambia
Luxembourg
São Tomé and Príncipe
Cape Verde
Puerto
Rico (US)
The Bahamas
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Grenada
Barbados
Guadeloupe (Fr)
Martinique (Fr)
French Guiana
(Fr)
French Polynesia (Fr)
Kiribati
Greenland (Den)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
Isle of Man (UK)
Channel Islands (UK)
Gibraltar (UK)
Monaco
Liechtenstein
Andorra
Bermuda
(UK)
Cayman Islands (UK)
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
Aruba
(Neth)
Dominica
US Virgin
Islands (US)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
St. Kitts and Nevis
Antigua and Barbuda
Curaçao
(Neth)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
Western
Sahara
Middle East & North Africa
81
Latin America & Caribbean
81
20–99
100–299
300–499
500 or more
less than 20
no data
health of mothers
maternal mortality ratio per 100,000
live births, 2010
60
World Health Organization—
Maternal Health
UNICEF—Maternal and
Newborn Health
www.unicef.org/health/index_
maternalhealth.html
World Bank HNPstats go.worldbank.org/N2N84RDV00
Maternal Mortality Estimation
Inter-agency Group database
(MME Info)
www.maternalmortalitydata.org/
UNICEF Childinfo—
Maternal Health
www.childinfo.org/
health.html
www.who.int/topics/
maternal_health/en
UN MDG Indicators unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg
287,000 women die each year because of pregnancy-related
causes. For every woman who dies, at least 20 others suffer injuries,
infection, and disability. Almost all maternal deaths are preventable.
Eighty percent of women in the developing world receive antenatal
care from a skilled health provider at least once during pregnancy.
But only 56 percent of all pregnant women benefit from four
antenatal visits.
Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, which bear the greatest burden
of maternal mortality, also have the lowest levels of skilled birth
attendance, at 46 percent and 48 percent, respectively.
Of 44 million abortions performed every year, nearly half are
unsafe. Forty-seven thousand of them result in death.
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Timor-LesteComoros
Federated States of Micronesia
Vanuatu
Tonga
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Fiji
Mauritius
Maldives
Brunei Darussalam
Lebanon
Bahrain
Réunion (Fr)
Mayotte
(Fr)
Singapore
Qatar
Kuwait
Malta
Israel
Cyprus
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Guam (US)
Palau
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
American Samoa (US)
Tuvalu
Nauru
Marshall Islands
Seychelles
Kosovo
West Bank and Gaza
San
Marino
Sub-Saharan Africa
500
Europe & Central Asia
32
South Asia
220
East Asia & Pacific
83
61Health
M
id
dl
e
Ea
st
&
N
or
th
A
fr
ic
a
Eu
ro
pe
&
C
en
tr
al
A
si
a
Ea
st
, S
ou
th
&
So
ut
he
as
t A
si
a
Su
b-
Sa
ha
ra
n
Af
ri
ca
La
tin
A
m
er
ic
a
&
C
ar
ib
be
an
Lo
w
-
an
d
m
id
dl
e-
in
co
m
e
Antiretroviral therapy coverage (%), 2010
In low- and middle-income countries, nearly
half of people eligible for antiretroviral therapy
were covered in 2010
Source: WHO, Global HIV/AIDS response progress report, 2011
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Ea
st
A
si
a
&
Pa
ci
fic
Eu
ro
pe
&
C
en
tr
al
A
si
a
La
tin
A
m
er
ic
a
&
C
ar
ib
be
an
M
id
dl
e
Ea
st
&
N
or
th
A
fr
ic
a
So
ut
h
As
ia
Su
b-
Sa
ha
ra
n
Af
ri
ca
H
ig
h-
in
co
m
e
HIV prevalence rate, adults ages 15–49 (%)
HIV prevalence is concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa
Source: UNAIDS, Report on the global AIDS epidemic, 2010
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
19
90
20
09
19
90 2
00
9
19
90
20
09
19
90
20
09
19
90
20
09
19
90
20
09 19
90
20
09
62
Communicable diseases
Communicable diseases such as
HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and
malaria kill millions of people
each year. They exact a terrible toll
on society and the economies of
developing countries. Although
international awareness and
funding to fight epidemic diseases
have increased, much remains to
be done. Meanwhile, the burden
of non-communicable diseases is
also increasing.
a factor of 17 over the past seven years.
In 2010, 6.7 million people in developing
countries received antiretroviral therapy.
Almost 70 percent of people living with HIV
are in Sub-Saharan Africa, where women
and children are especially vulnerable to the
disease. Women constitute 58 percent of
adults (ages 15 and older) living with HIV in
Sub-Saharan Africa whereas they constitute
37 percent of adults living with HIV
worldwide. More than 90 percent of all HIV-
positive children live in the region. Infants
are often at high risk of infection through
mother-to-child transmission.
Tuberculosis, still a major cause of
illness and death worldwide, is becoming
more dangerous with the spread of drug-
resistant strains of the bacteria. Drug-
resistance is caused by inconsistent or partial
treatment, wrong treatment regimens, or
unavailability of appropriate drugs. Twenty-
nine out of 30 countries with the highest
tuberculosis incidence rates are located in
Sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia and the
Pacific. Together they account for 85 percent
of all tuberculosis cases. Poor people are
especially vulnerable to the disease because
of underlying health problems and limited
Every day, over 7,400 people are infected
with HIV, and about 5,000 die from AIDS.
The number of people living with HIV
reached 34 million in 2010. Although the
global prevalence rate of HIV appears
to have leveled off in the late 1990s, the
number of infected people continues to
rise because better care and antiretroviral
therapy, which suppresses the virus and
stops the progression of HIV to AIDS, are
keeping more people alive for longer. Access
to antiretroviral therapy has expanded by
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Source: UNICEF, The state of the world’s children, 2012
Children sleeping under ITN (% of children under 5)
Rwanda
Niger
Tanzania
Togo
Malawi
São Tomé and
Príncipe
Zambia
Eritrea
Mali
2007
Madagascar
Burundi
Timor-Leste
Guinea-Bissau
Uganda
Nigeria
Sierra Leone
Benin
Central African
Republic
Somalia
Burkina Faso
Guinea
Swaziland
2000
2000
2000
2002
2002
2000
2002
2000
2000
2001
2003
2000
2001
2000
1999
2003
2003
2000
2003
2000
2004
2000
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2009
2010
2008
2009
2010
2010
2010
2009
2010
2008
2006
2006
2006
2006
2008
Incidence of tuberculosis including patients with HIV (per 100,000 people)
Source: WHO, Global tuberculosis control, 2011
Tuberculosis incidence is leveling off, but remains high in Sub-Saharan Africa
20
06
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
08
20
07
20
09
20
10
East Asia & Pacific
Latin America & Caribbean
Europe & Central Asia South Asia
Middle East & North Africa
High-income
Sub-Saharan Africa
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Many more children are sleeping under
insecticide-treated bednets
63Health
access to treatment. Tuberculosis is a leading killer of people
living with HIV. At least one-third of the people living with HIV
worldwide are infected with tuberculosis, and about one in
four deaths among people with HIV is caused by tuberculosis.
Malaria causes approximately 700,000 deaths each year,
primarily among children below age 5 and pregnant women.
Ninety percent of all malaria deaths occur in Sub-Saharan
Africa. Insecticide-treated bednets are one of the most effective
ways to prevent malaria transmission as these nets provide a
physical barrier against the bite of an infected mosquito. In
addition, a net treated with insecticide provides additional
protection by repelling or killing mosquitoes that rest on the
net—an important protective effect that extends beyond the
individual to the community. The percentage of households
owning at least one insecticide-treated bednet in Sub-Saharan
Africa has increased from 3 percent in 2000 to 50 percent in
2011, although it is still too low to cover everybody at risk.
In addition to the use of insecticide-treated bednets, malaria
control depends on surveillance, efficient public health
measures, education, and access to medications.
Increase in non-communicable diseases
Urbanization, aging populations, tobacco use, unhealthy diet,
physical inactivity, and harmful use of alcohol have combined
to make chronic and non-communicable diseases—such as
diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and injuries—
increasingly important causes of mortality and morbidity in
developing countries. The rise of chronic, non-communicable
diseases comes on top of an unfinished
agenda on communicable diseases.
The increase in non-communicable
diseases, accompanied by a shift in
the distribution of disease and death
from younger to older people as the
population ages, will result in many
developing countries, especially low-
income countries, struggling to provide
adequate health care for their people.
Country
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Prevalence of HIV
(% of population
ages 15–49)
A campaigner holds a candle for HIV/AIDS victims at a
rally in Cambodia
Rank
Swaziland
Botswana
Lesotho
South Africa
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Namibia
Mozambique
Malawi
Uganda
25.9
24.8
23.6
17.8
14.3
13.5
13.1
11.5
11.0
6.5
Countries with the highest HIV prevalence
rates, 2009
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Dominican
Republic
The Bahamas
Barbados
The Gambia
Guadeloupe (Fr)
Martinique (Fr)
Luxembourg
French Guiana
(Fr)
French Polynesia (Fr)
Kiribati
Cayman Islands (UK)
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
Puerto
Rico (US)
Aruba
(Neth)
Dominica
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Grenada
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
US Virgin
Islands (US)
St. Kitts and Nevis
Antigua and Barbuda
Cape Verde
São Tomé and Príncipe
Bermuda
(UK)
Gibraltar (UK)
Monaco
Isle of Man (UK)
Channel Islands (UK)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
Liechtenstein
Andorra
Greenland (Den)
Curaçao
(Neth)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
Western
Sahara
Middle East & North Africa
0.1%
Latin America & Caribbean
0.5%
5.0–14.9%
1.0–4.9%
0.5–0.9%
less than 0.5%
15.0% or more
no data
adult HIV prevalence, 2009
hiv/aids
64
UNAIDS
World Health Organization
on Tuberculosis, Malaria,
and HIV/AIDS
www.who.int/topics/tuberculosis
www.who.int/topics/malaria
www.who.int/topics/hiv_aids
www.unaids.org
World Bank HNPstats go.worldbank.org/N2N84RDV00
UNICEF Childinfo on
Malaria and HIV/AIDS
www.childinfo.org/malaria.html
www.childinfo.org/hiv_aids.html
UNICEF on Malaria and
HIV/AIDS
www.unicef.org/health/index_
malaria.html
www.unicef.org/aids/index_
documents.html
34 million people were living with HIV in 2010; 2.1 million of
them were children under 15 years, and 16 million were women.
Every day, about 7,400 persons become infected with HIV and
about 5,000 persons die from AIDS.
One-third of the world’s population has latent tuberculosis
infections. One in every 10 of those people will become sick
with active tuberculosis in his or her lifetime.
Over 90 percent of children living with HIV are in Sub-Saharan Africa.
90 percent of all malaria deaths occur in Sub-Saharan Africa, and
most of these deaths are among children under 5.
Chronic and non-communicable diseases such as heart disease and
stroke, cancer, and diabetes are increasing because of aging and
unhealthy lifestyles including consumption of unhealthy food, lack of
exercise, and smoking. They account for 60 percent of all deaths.
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Benin
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Mauritius
Fiji
Réunion (Fr)
Mayotte
(Fr)
Comoros
SingaporeMaldives
Malta
Lebanon
Israel
Qatar
Seychelles
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
Vanuatu
Tonga
Samoa
American Samoa (US)
Solomon Islands Tuvalu
Nauru
Timor-Leste
Brunei Darussalam
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Guam (US)
Palau
Federated States of Micronesia
Marshall Islands
Kuwait
Bahrain
Cyprus
West Bank and Gaza
San
Marino
Kosovo
Sub-Saharan Africa
5.5%
Europe & Central Asia
0.6%
South Asia
0.3%
East Asia & Pacific
0.2%
65Health
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database Note: For Middle East & North Africa, the last year of data available is 2007; for Sub Saharan Africa, it is 2009
Service sectors are growing rapidly in both East Asia and the Pacific and South Asia
Value added in services 1995 = 100
Europe & Central Asia
East Asia & Pacific
Middle East & North Africa
Latin America & Caribbean
Sub-Saharan Africa
South Asia
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009 20102007
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009 20102007
Low-incomeHigh-income Middle-income
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database
Services now account for two-thirds of global output
Value added in services (% of GDP)
0
20
40
60
80
66
Structure of the
world economy
Services, the most rapidly
growing sector of the global
economy, now account for almost
70 percent of world output.
Developing economies are also
becoming important producers
of manufactured goods; others
already specialize in services.
However, for many of these
economies, the natural resource
sectors, especially agriculture and
mining, continue to be the main
source of income.
and fisheries), industry (including mining
and manufacturing), and the service sector
(including government and private services).
As economies develop, they typically shift
from the production and export of agricultural
and mining commodities to manufactured
goods, and later to services. In many high-
income economies more than 70 percent of
GDP is produced in the service sector.
Services now account for 55 percent of
the output of middle-income economies,
although some countries—such as Jordan,
Panama, and South Africa—have maintained
large service sectors for some time. In low-
income economies, the service sectors are
growing and now produce 50 percent of
GDP. East Asia and the Pacific, led by China,
and South Asia, led by India, have increased
their service output in real terms by more
than 300 percent since 1990.
Although the service sector is growing
everywhere, agriculture remains very
Gross domestic product (GDP) measures the
overall output of an economy. It is the sum of
value added in agriculture (including forestry
Although the service sector can contribute
more than 70 percent of GDP in high-income
economies...
...agriculture is still of major importance in
developing countries
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database
Many countries are still dependent on agricultural employment
Agricultural employment as a share of total employment (%), 2007–2011
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Cambodia
Uganda
Bhutan
Vanuatu
India
Liberia
Pakistan
Armenia
Albania
Thailand
67Economy
important to developing economies. Agriculture not only feeds
a growing population, it produces raw materials for industries
such as rubber and timber. Increases in oil prices have resulted
in additional demand for food crops, such as corn and sugar
cane, used to produce biofuels. Higher prices for agricultural
products raise the incomes of producers, but higher food
prices also reduce the welfare of consumers.
In 2011, value added in agriculture as a share of GDP
was over 40 percent in four low-income economies, three
of them in Africa. Agriculture is also an important source of
employment. It employs over 35 percent of the labor force in
17 countries, over 50 percent in five countries, and as much
as 72 percent in Cambodia. Not only low-income economies
but also some middle-income economies remain highly
dependent on agriculture. In Bhutan, agriculture accounts for
65 percent of total employment. In comparison, agricultural
employment made up 3.7 percent of total employment in
Japan, 1.6 percent in Germany and in the United States, and
1.2 percent in the United Kingdom and Argentina.
While the shift toward services describes the general
trend of industrial development, there are many variations.
Economies grow fastest when they develop in ways that
make best use of their factor endowments.
Countries differ in their factor endowments (natural
resources, labor, human capital, and physical capital), but
the relative importance of those factors evolves along with
the optimal industrial structure at each stage of development.
Government can play an important role by facilitating the
development of markets, directing growth toward industries
that make best use of current
endowments, and encouraging
industries that are likely to evolve in
line with its future endowments. In
planning their development path, a
country can look toward other countries
with similar endowment structures
and two to four times their current
average income (approximately 10 to
30 years ahead of them) and encourage
industries that have already gained
an entry in international trade with
the possibility of overtaking existing
suppliers. This is the path followed
by China and other fast-growing
economies and can serve as a model
for many more.
Family tending potato fields in northeast Brazil
Agricultural value
added as share of
GDP (%)
Central African Republic
Comoros
Sierra Leone
Togo
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Ethiopia
Guatemala
Solomon Islands
Nepal
Mali
56.5
46.3
44.4
43.2
42.9
41.9
40.5
38.9
38.1
36.5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Countries most dependent on agriculture,
2010–2011 (most recent year available)
CountryRank
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Dominican
Republic
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Kiribati
The Gambia
São Tomé and Príncipe
Dominica
Cape Verde
St. Lucia
Grenada
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Barbados
Luxembourg
Bermuda
(UK)
The Bahamas
Puerto
Rico (US)
Guadeloupe (Fr)
St. Kitts and Nevis
Antigua and Barbuda
Martinique (Fr)
French Guiana
(Fr)
French Polynesia (Fr)
Cayman Islands (UK)
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
Aruba
(Neth)
US Virgin
Islands (US)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
Greenland (Den)
Isle of Man (UK)
Channel Islands (UK)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
Liechtenstein
Andorra
Gibraltar (UK)
Monaco
Curaçao
(Neth)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
Western
Sahara
Middle East & North Africa
10.5%
Latin America & Caribbean
6.3%
Brazil
5.5%
3–9%
10–14%
15–24%
25% or more
less than 3%
no data
share of value added in agriculture in GDP,
2007–2011, most recent year available
agricultural output
68
World Bank data data.worldbank.org/data-
catalog/world-development-
indicators
The global agricultural sector grew by 2.5 percent a year from 2000
to 2010. The service sector grew by 2.7 percent and the industrial
sector by 2.5 percent over the same period.
In Sub-Saharan Africa the agricultural sector grew by 3.3 percent a
year from 2000 to 2010, while the service sector grew by 4.8 percent
and the industrial sector by 4.7 percent.
In East Asia and Pacific the industrial sector was the fastest growing
with 10.2 percent annual growth over the period 2000 to 2010. Services
were second with 10 percent growth. Agriculture grew by 4.1 percent.
In South Asia the dominant sectors were services with annual growth
of 8.6 percent and industry with 8.1 percent annual growth, while
agriculture grew by 3.2 percent over the same period.
On average, services have grown faster than other parts of the economy,
except in East Asia and the Pacific and Europe and Central Asia.
Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development
www.oecd.org/
United Nations—
National Accounts Main
Aggregates Database
unstats.un.org/unsd/
snaama
New Structural Economics:
A Framework for Rethinking
Development and Policy
go.worldbank.org/
QZK6IM4GO0
“Demystifying Success:
The New Structural
Economics Approach”
wbi.worldbank.org/
wbi/devoutreach/article/
1048/demystifying-
success-new-structural-
economics-approach
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Benin
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Comoros
Solomon Islands
Vanuatu
Tonga
Kosovo
Fiji
Samoa
Lebanon
Mauritius
Maldives
Palau
Singapore
Brunei Darussalam
Réunion (Fr)
Mayotte
(Fr)
Seychelles
Malta
CyprusSan
Marino
Israel
West Bank and Gaza
Qatar
Kuwait
Bahrain
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
Timor-Leste
American Samoa (US)
Tuvalu
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Guam (US)
Nauru
Federated States of Micronesia
Marshall Islands
Sub-Saharan Africa
11.2%
Europe & Central Asia
7.2%
South Asia
17.9%
East Asia & Pacific
10.7%
China
9.3%
India
17.2%
Russian Federation
4.0%
69Economy
Ea
st
A
si
a
&
Pa
ci
fic
Ea
st
er
n
Eu
ro
pe
&
C
en
tr
al
A
si
a
La
tin
A
m
er
ic
a
&
C
ar
ib
be
an
M
id
dl
e
Ea
st
&
N
or
th
A
fr
ic
a
So
ut
h
As
ia
Su
b-
Sa
ha
ra
n
Af
ri
ca
W
or
ld
Informal payments to public officials ‘to get
things done’ are more common in South Asia
and the Middle East and North Africa
Percentage of firms expected to make informal payments to
public officials
Source: World Bank, Enterprise Surveys
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
O
EC
D
La
tin
Am
er
ic
a
Ea
st
er
n
Eu
ro
pe
&
Ba
lti
cs
M
id
dl
e
Ea
st
&
N
or
th
A
fr
ic
a
Ea
st
A
si
a
&
Pa
ci
fic
Su
b-
Sa
ha
ra
n
Af
ric
a
So
ut
h
As
ia
Fo
rm
er
S
ov
ie
t
U
ni
on
Countries of the former Soviet Union rank lowest
on control of corruption
Source: Kaufmann D., A. Kraay, and M. Mastruzzi (2010),
The Worldwide Governance Indicators: Methodology and Analytical Issues
Control of corruption, percentile rank (0–100)
0
20
40
60
80
100
2000
2005
2010
70
Governance
Governance describes the way
public officials and institutions
acquire and exercise authority
to provide public goods and
services including education,
health care, infrastructure, and a
sound investment climate. Good
governance is associated with
citizen participation and improved
accountability of public officials.
It is fundamental to development
and economic growth.
liberties and property rights, a free and
vibrant press, an open and impartial judiciary,
and well-informed and effective legislative
structures—all contribute to strong and
capable institutions of the state.
Although bad governance is often
equated with corruption, the two concepts,
while related, are different. Corruption—
the abuse of public office for private gain—
is an outcome of poor governance,
reflecting the breakdown of accountability.
A capable and accountable state creates
opportunities for poor people, provides
better services, and improves development
outcomes—which is why the World Bank
includes a governance and anticorruption
strategy as part of its effort to reduce
poverty. There are now several global
collaborative governance initiatives, such as
the Stolen Asset Recovery (StAR) Initiative,
the Extractive Industries Transparency
Initiative (EITI), the Construction Sector
Transparency Initiative (CoST), and the
Business Fighting Corruption Through
Collective Action Initiative.
The links among weak institutions,
poor development outcomes, and the risk
Governance has several dimensions:
• theprocessbywhichgovernmentsare
selected, monitored, and replaced;
• thecapacityofgovernmenttoeffectively
formulate and implement sound policies;
• therespectofcitizensandthestatefor
the institutions that govern interactions
between them.
Features of good governance—such as
free and fair elections, respect for individual
Source: World Bank, Country Policy and Institutional Assessment
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Zi
m
ba
bw
e
C
en
tr
al
A
fr
ic
an
Re
pu
bl
ic
To
go
Si
er
ra
L
eo
ne
Th
e
G
am
bi
a
Se
ne
ga
l
Public sector and institutions cluster score
(1–6, low to high), 2009–2011
2009
2010
2011
Several Sub-Saharan African countries
improved their performance
Parliament in session in Tajikistan
71Economy
of conflict are often evident in countries that are in fragile
situations. Some 1.5 billion people live in areas affected by
fragility,conlict,orlarge-scaleorganizedcriminalviolence,
and no fragile or conflict-affected country has achieved a
single Millennium Development Goal. A major episode of
violence can wipe out an entire generation of economic
progress. World Development Report 2011: Conflict, Security,
and Development found that countries and areas with the
weakest institutional legitimacy (both formal and informal)
and poor governance are the most vulnerable to violence and
instability and the least able to respond to internal and
external stresses.
Measuring the quality of institutions and governance
outcomes is difficult and often subject to large margins of
error. Data for one dimension of governance—control of
corruption—are presented in the map on pages 72–73.
The data are aggregate measures derived from several
sources of informed views of individuals in both the private
and the public sectors. The map represents data on control
of corruption by percentile ranges, from the best performing
(90th to 100th percentile) to the poorest performing (0 to
9th percentile). Some developing countries have better scores
on some governance measures than developed countries.
The World Bank’s Country Policy and Institutional
Assessment (CPIA) is an annual staff effort to measure the
extent to which a country’s policy and institutional framework
supports sustainable growth and
poverty reduction. Scores of these
assessments are disclosed only for
low-income countries that are eligible
for lending by the World Bank’s
International Development Association
(IDA). CPIA indicators examine policies
and institutions, not development
outcomes, which can depend on
forces outside a country’s control.
There are 16 criteria grouped into
four clusters; one of the clusters
(shown in the bottom right chart
on page 70) is the public sector
management and institutions cluster.
This cluster includes five criteria:
property rights and rule-based
governance; quality of budgetary and
financial management; efficiency of
revenuemobilization;qualityofpublic
administration; and transparency,
accountability, and corruption in the
public sector. The median value for
all low-income economies was 2.9
in 2011.
Developing country
with population
over 1 million
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Approximate
rank
© Lars Plougmann
Used via a Creative Commons license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/
Chile
Uruguay
Botswana
Mauritius
Costa Rica
Cuba
Rwanda
Lithuania
Namibia
Latvia
91
86
80
73
73
72
71
66
64
63
Percentile
rank,
2010
85
80
73
69
67
62
62
61
58
58
Lower
percentile
range
Anticorruption billboard in Zambia Control of corruption
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Dominican
Republic
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Luxembourg
Liechtenstein
Cape Verde
Greenland (Den)
Andorra
Bermuda
(UK)
The Bahamas
Cayman Islands (UK)
Aruba
(Neth)
US Virgin
Islands (US)
St. Kitts and Nevis
Antigua and Barbuda
Guadeloupe (Fr)
Martinique (Fr)St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Barbados
French Guiana
(Fr)
Kiribati
Puerto
Rico (US)
Grenada
Dominica
The Gambia
São Tomé and Príncipe
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
Isle of Man (UK)
Channel Islands (UK)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
Gibraltar (UK)
Monaco
French Polynesia (Fr)
Curaçao
(Neth)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
Western
Sahara
50th–74th percentile
25th–49th percentile
10th–24th percentile
75th–89th percentile
90th–100th percentile
0–9th percentile
no data
control of corruption from the Worldwide
Governance Indicators, percentile rank, 2010
controlling corruption
72
World Bank—
Enterprise Surveys
World Bank—Worldwide
Governance Indicators
www.govindicators.org
www.enterprisesurveys.org
Transparency International
United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP)—
Democratic Governance
www.transparency.org
World Bank—Public Sector
Governance
www.worldbank.org/
publicsector
World Bank—
Doing Business
www.undp.org/governance
www.doingbusiness.org
Eleven Sub-Saharan African countries rank in the
50th percentile or higher in the Worldwide Governance
Indicators measure of control of corruption.
There is a positive correlation between higher levels of
income and lower levels of corruption. Nine out of 10
countries in the ranking table are upper-middle-income
economies. Only Rwanda is a low-income economy.
Three key principles for promoting good governance
include transparency, accountability, and participation.
Participation implies that people have rights that are
recognized and they have a voice in the decisions that
affect them.
percentile
93
92
86
80
80
76
75
72
72
70
Upper
percentile
range
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
Congo
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Singapore
Qatar
Guam (US)
Brunei Darussalam
Mayotte
(Fr)
Réunion (Fr)
Malta
Cyprus
Seychelles
Mauritius
Israel Kuwait
Bahrain
Federated States of Micronesia
Nauru
American Samoa (US)
Tuvalu
SamoaVanuatu
Maldives
Comoros
Palau
Marshall Islands
Solomon Islands
Tonga
West Bank and Gaza
Kosovo
Timor-Leste
Fiji
Lebanon
San
Marino
N. Mariana Islands (US)
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
73Economy
Improved water source Improved sanitation facility
Access to clean water and sanitation remains low
in Sub-Saharan Africa
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database
0
20
40
60
80
100
Population with access (%), 2010
Ea
st
A
si
a
&
Pa
ci
fic
Eu
ro
pe
&
C
en
tr
al
A
si
a
La
tin
A
m
er
ic
a
&
C
ar
ib
be
an
M
id
dl
e
Ea
st
&
N
or
th
A
fr
ic
a
So
ut
h
As
ia
Su
b-
Sa
ha
ra
n
Af
ri
ca
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Energy TransportTelecommunications Water and sewerage
Private investment goes primarily to energy and
telecommunications
Source: World Bank, Private Participation in Infrastructure database
Share of private investment (%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
74
Infrastructure for
development
Infrastructure—the basic systems
for delivering energy, transport,
water and sanitation, and
information and communications
services to people—directly or
indirectly affects lives everywhere.
Increased productivity and incomes
and improvements in health and
education outcomes require
investment in infrastructure.
refrigerators for vaccines. Roads in rural areas
boost school attendance and use of medical
clinics. And information and communication
technologies can improve teacher training
and promote better health practices.
The global supply of infrastructure services
is not able to meet today’s needs. Developing
countries require about $900 billion
(7–9 percent of GDP) to maintain existing
infrastructure and to build new infrastructure,
but only half that amount is available. The
continuing global recession will curtail
maintenance and new investments in
infrastructure as governments face shrinking
budgets and declining private financial flows.
Water and sanitation infrastructure has
barely kept pace with population growth in
the developing world. Further improvements
will require more public and private
investment. Measured in 2010 constant
price dollars, investment commitments in
water and sanitation projects with private
participation remained low: $29 billion over
the last decade compared with $58 billion
during the previous one. Since 2001, average
annual investment commitments have
ranged between $2 billion and $3 billion.
Infrastructure services play a key role in the
most important development objective—
reducing poverty and improving the lives of
billions of people in developing countries.
These services affect people in many ways:
what they consume and produce; how they
heat and light their homes; how they travel
to work, to school, or to visit family and
friends; and how they communicate. Access
to clean water and sanitation reduces infant
mortality. Electricity powers hospitals and
Pastoralist in a Nigerian village using
a mobile phone
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Internet users in developing countries have
tripled since 2005
Developed countries Developing countries
Source: International Telecommunication Union
Individuals using the Internet (millions)
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
Source: International Telecommunication Union
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Global mobile penetration reached 86 percent while fixed telephone
line subscriptions remained below 20 percent in 2011
0
20
40
60
80
100
Mobile cellular subscriptions Fixed telephone lines
Per 100 people
75Economy
Infrastructure is typically an enabler, but rarely the sole solution
to development challenges. Reducing disease transmission, for
example, requires better water and sanitation facilities, but it also
requires good hygiene practices such as routine hand washing.
Physical isolation is a strong contributor to poverty. People
living in remote places have reduced access to health and
education services, employment opportunities, and markets.
Problems are particularly severe in rural areas that lack good
transportation facilities. Transport infrastructure—the roads,
bridges, railroads, waterways, ports, and the services they
provide—can eliminate growth-constraining bottlenecks and
shortages, increase agricultural productivity, improve poor
rural farmers’ incomes and nutrition, and expand nonfarm
employment. In Vietnam, a World Bank project provided
financing for ethnic minority women to undertake road
maintenance in rural areas. As a result, 13,470 kilometers of
road are being maintained and 1,533 ethnic minority women
from four communes were trained as rural transportation
managers; many more eagerly await the opportunity.
Information and communications technology has vast
potential for fostering growth in developing countries by
helping to increase productivity in a wide range of economic
activities from agriculture to manufacturing and services.
Mobile phones keep families and communities in contact and
provide market information for farmers and businesspeople.
According to the International Telecommunication Union,
by the end of 2011 there were almost 6 billion mobile cellular
subscriptions in the world, or about 86 per 100 people. The
Internet delivers information to schools
and hospitals, and computers improve
public and private services as well as
increase productivity and participation.
Over the last five years, developing
countries have increased their number
of Internet users from 501 million in
2006 to 1.4 billion in 2011.
Economies with
population over 1 million
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Subscriptions
per 100 people
A food vendor talking on her mobile phone in Armenia
Hong Kong SAR, China
Panama
Saudi Arabia
Russian Federation
Oman
Finland
Libya
Austria
Italy
Lithuania
210
204
191
179
169
166
156
155
152
151
Rank
Most mobile cellular subscriptions, 2011
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Dominican
Republic
Kiribati
São Tomé and Príncipe
Andorra
Monaco
The Gambia
Cape Verde
The Bahamas
Puerto
Rico (US)
French Polynesia (Fr)
Aruba
(Neth) St. Lucia
Grenada
Guadeloupe (Fr)
Martinique (Fr)
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Barbados
Greenland (Den)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
Liechtenstein
French Guiana
(Fr)
Cayman Islands (UK)
Dominica
St. Kitts and Nevis
Antigua and Barbuda
Bermuda
(UK)
Luxembourg
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
US Virgin
Islands (US)
Gibraltar (UK)
Isle of Man (UK)
Channel Islands (UK)
Curaçao
(Neth)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
Western
Sahara
Middle East & North Africa
89
Latin America & Caribbean
107
100–129
70–99
30–69
less than 30
130 or more
no data
mobile cellular
subscriptions
mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 people,
2011 or latest available data
76
World Bank—Information and
Communications Technologies
International
Telecommunication Union
www.itu.int
www.worldbank.org/ict
World Resources Institute—
Water
insights.wri.org/topic/water
World Bank—Climate Change data.worldbank.org/
climate-change
WHO—Water,
Sanitation, and Health
www.who.int/water_
sanitation_health/en
International Road Federation www.irfnet.org
Developing countries accounted for more than 80 percent of the
660 million new mobile cellular subscriptions added in 2011.
The number of people using the Internet continues to grow
worldwide. By the end of 2011, 2.3 billion people were online.
By the end of 2011, there were more than 1 billion mobile-
broadband subscriptions worldwide.
In 2011, India added 142 million mobile cellular subscriptions,
twice as many as in all of Africa.
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Comoros
Federated States of Micronesia
Marshall Islands
Tuvalu
West Bank and Gaza
Timor-Leste
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Samoa
Fiji
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
Palau
Mauritius
Cyprus
Lebanon
Réunion (Fr)
Mayotte
(Fr)
Brunei Darussalam
Vanuatu
San
Marino
Malta
Israel
Qatar
Bahrain
Kuwait
Seychelles
Maldives Singapore
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Guam (US)
American Samoa (US)
Nauru
Kosovo
Sub-Saharan Africa
53
Europe & Central Asia
132
South Asia
69
East Asia & Pacific
80
High-income
117
77Economy
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Source: World Development Indicators database Note: For the Middle East & North Africa, last year of data available is 2007; for Sub Saharan Africa, it is 2009
Investment has grown rapidly in the East Asia and Pacific region
Gross capital formation (2000 $ billions) Latin America & Caribbean
Middle East & North Africa
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
East Asia & Pacific
Europe & Central Asia
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
78
Investment for growth
Sustainable economic growth is
impossible without investment.
Investment replenishes assets used
up in production and increases
the total capital stock. A good
investment climate is one in which
government policies encourage
firms and entrepreneurs to invest
productively, create jobs, and
contribute to growth and poverty
reduction. On average, 22 percent
of the world’s output is invested
for production purposes. High
rates of investment alone do not
ensure rapid economic growth.
Countries that have high savings and
investment rates are likely to have high
rates of economic growth. Growth is also
spurred by improved efficiency as a result of
technological advances and investments in
people, through better education and health
care. To sustain growth, government policies
must create a climate that encourages
productive investment.
In most recent years, the East Asia and
the Pacific region has had the highest
investment rate, averaging 40 percent of
gross domestic product (GDP). South Asia
invested between 30 and 34 percent of its
output. Even Sub-Saharan Africa, at 20 percent
the lowest investment rate among developing
regions, exceeded the rate of 18 percent in
high-income economies. Total investment in
developing regions in 2010 was $6.4 trillion,
about 80 percent of the level of investment
in high-income economies.
Government policies play a key role
in shaping the investment climate. They
influence the security of property rights,
the effectiveness of regulation, the impact
of taxation, the quality and accessibility
of infrastructure, and the functioning of
Physical investment takes many forms:
buildings, machinery and equipment,
improvements to property, and additions
to inventories. Investment is financed out
of domestic savings or external savings.
However, external financing is limited and
generally more volatile than domestic savings.
South Asia
East Asia & Pacific
Middle East & North Africa
Latin America & Caribbean
High-income
Sub-Saharan Africa
Asian countries have invested heavily and grown rapidly, but other regions have not obtained the same results
Annual average GDP growth rate (%), 1995–2010
Source: World Development Indicators database
Average gross capital formation (% of GDP), 1995–2010
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Europe & Central Asia
Countries in the region that made at least one positive reform (%)
Source: World Bank, Doing Business database
East Asia &
Pacific
Latin America &
Caribbean
Europe &
Central Asia
Middle East &
North Africa
Sub-Saharan
Africa
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa had the second-highest percentage of countries with
positive business reform in 2010–2011
0
20
40
60
80
100
79Economy
financial and labor markets. The quality of the investment
climate also contributes strongly to increased productivity and
employment creation, both necessary for poverty reduction.
Poor governance increases transaction costs, encourages
unproductive activities such as lobbying, and reduces
transparency. Hence, it leads to misallocation of resources
and discourages new investment.
Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa made rapid changes to
their economies’ regulatory environment. Regulatory reforms
were implemented in 36 of the 46 economies between 2010
and 2011, representing 78 percent of countries in the region.
Europe and Central Asia was the most active reformer for the
eighth year in a row: 88 percent of countries in the region
made at least one positive reform to
make doing business easier.
Although China and some of the
other ‘tigers’ in the East Asia and
the Pacific region have obtained
spectacular growth rates, high levels
of investment do not guarantee high
growth rates. Investment produces
growth, but investment also chases
growth. More investment is likely in
places where high returns are possible.
Over 1995–2010, most developing
regions invested an average of 19 to
36 percent of their GDP each year.
The results obtained have varied,
from Latin America and the Caribbean,
where an investment ratio of 20 percent
produced growth of only 3.1 percent, to
South Asia, where an investment ratio
of 28 percent resulted in annual growth
of 6.5 percent. Sub-Saharan Africa is an
interesting exception: an investment
ratio of 19 percent led to an annual
growth rate of 4.3 percent, as good
as or better than several regions with
higher investment ratios.
Country with population
over 1 million
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
China’s rapidly growing economy has benefited from
foreign investment
China
Lesotho
Turkmenistan
Vietnam
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Qatar
Mongolia
Algeria
Korea, Rep.
Azerbaijan
41
40
35
34
33
33
32
31
31
30
% of GDP
1995–2010Rank
Highest average gross capital formation
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Dominican
Republic
Bermuda
(UK)
Puerto
Rico (US)
Antigua and Barbuda
Barbados
The Gambia
Luxembourg
Dominica Guadeloupe (Fr)
Martinique (Fr)
St. Vincent and the GrenadinesGrenada
French Guiana
(Fr)
The Bahamas
St. Lucia
St. Kitts and Nevis
Cape Verde
French Polynesia (Fr)
Kiribati
Cayman Islands (UK)
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
US Virgin
Islands (US)
Aruba
(Neth)
Greenland (Den)
Isle of Man (UK)
Channel Islands (UK)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
Liechtenstein
Andorra
Gibraltar (UK)
Monaco
São Tomé and Príncipe
Curaçao
(Neth)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
Western
Sahara
Brazil
20%
United States
15%
25–29%
20–24%
15–19%
less than 15%
30% or more
no data
gross capital formation as a share of GDP,
2009–2011, most recent year available
investment for growth
80
Capital formation has grown fastest in South Asia. Between 2000
and 2010, it increased at an average rate of 12.4 percent a year.
Investment declined in six countries between 2000 and 2010.
In China, investment grew at an average of 13.3 percent a year
between 2000 and 2010.
Capital formation has been slowest in Latin America and the
Caribbean, averaging 5.3 percent a year between 2000 and 2010.
Of the top 10 countries with the highest average investment rate
between 1995 and 2010, three were from Sub-Saharan Africa.
Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and
Development—Statistics
World Bank Data and Statistics data.worldbank.org/indicator/
NG.GDI.TOTL.CD
International Monetary Fund—
World Economic Outlook
www.imf.org/weo
UNCTAD World Investment
Report Series
unctad.org/en/pages/
DIAE/World%20Investment
%20Report/WIR-Series.aspx
www.oecd.org
(click on ‘Statistics’)
United Nations data data.un.org
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Benin
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Comoros
Malta
Solomon Islands
Brunei Darussalam
KuwaitIsrael
Cyprus
Seychelles
Mayotte
(Fr)
Réunion (Fr)
Mauritius
Singapore
Fiji
Vanuatu
Tonga
Bahrain
West Bank and Gaza
Qatar
Lebanon
Kosovo
Maldives
San
Marino
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Guam (US)
Palau
Timor-Leste
Federated States of Micronesia
Marshall Islands
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
American Samoa (US)
Samoa
Tuvalu
Nauru
China
47%
India
36%
Russian Federation
25%
20%
23%
29%
29%
18%
World
Low-income
Middle-income
Low- & middle-income
High-income
81Economy
Best performers based on number of days
to start a business in developing countriesBusiness meeting, Mozambique
Georgia
Macedonia, FYR
Rwanda
Albania
Belarus
Senegal
Liberia
Malaysia
Mauritius
Turkey
2
3
3
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
Country
Days
(as of June 2011)Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nc
El Salvador
Ecuador
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Dominican
Republic
The Bahamas
Kiribati
St. Lucia
Grenada
St. Kitts and Nevis
Antigua and Barbuda
The Gambia
Luxembourg
Cape Verde
São Tomé and Príncipe
Dominica
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Puerto
Rico (US)
Guadeloupe (Fr)
Martinique (Fr)
French Guiana
(Fr)
French Polynesia (Fr)
Aruba
(Neth)
Cayman Islands (UK)
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
Bermuda
(UK)
US Virgin
Islands (US)
Barbados
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
Monaco
Gibraltar (UK)
Liechtenstein
Andorra
Greenland (Den)
Isle of Man (UK)
Channel Islands (UK)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
Curaçao
(Neth)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
Western
Sahara
Middle East & North Africa
23 days
Latin America & Caribbean
58 days
High-income countries
17 days
10–14 days
15–29 days
30–44 days
45 days or more
less than 10 days
no data
time required to start a new business,
June 2011
starting a business
82
World Bank—
Enterprise Surveys
World Bank—
Doing Business database
www.doingbusiness.org
www.enterprisesurveys.org
World Bank—
Privatization database
rru.worldbank.org/
Privatization/
World Bank—
Private Participation in
Infrastructure database
ppi.worldbank.org/
In the past six years, policy makers in 163 economies made
domestic regulations more business friendly.
Fifty-three economies made it easier to start a business between
2010 and 2011.
In 2010–2011, Bhutan launched a public credit registry and
streamlined business start-up procedures.
In Colombia, new firm registrations increased by 5.2 percent after
the creation of a one-stop shop for businesses in 2010–2011.
In 2010–2011, FYR Macedonia streamlined the filing and
payment of taxes, introduced an electronic cadastre for property
registration, and started an operation of the online system for
business registration.
In 2010–2011, Malawi improved its credit information system by
passing a new law allowing the creation of a private credit bureau.
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Benin
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Kosovo
West Bank and Gaza
Brunei Darussalam
Timor-Leste
Fiji
Solomon Islands
Vanuatu
Seychelles
Israel Kuwait
Comoros
Palau
Federated States of Micronesia
Marshall Islands
Tonga
Qatar
Réunion (Fr)
Mauritius
Mayotte
(Fr)
Lebanon
Cyprus
Bahrain
SingaporeMaldives
Samoa
San
Marino
Malta
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
American Samoa (US)
Tuvalu
Nauru
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Guam (US)
Sub-Saharan Africa
34 days
Europe & Central Asia
16 days
South Asia
23 days
East Asia & Pacific
39 days
83Economy
Low-income economiesMiddle-income economies
Exports to developing economies outside region Exports to developing economies within region Exports to high-income economies
1990 1995 20052000 1990 1995 20052000
Source: World Bank calculation based on data from the IMF's Direction of Trade Statistics database
Developing economies are trading more with other developing economies
2010
Share of exports (%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2010
Share of exports (%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2009200820072006200520042003200220012000
Merchandise trade, high-income
Trade in services, high-income
Merchandise trade, middle-income
Trade in services, middle-income
Merchandise trade, low-income
Trade in services, low-income
2010
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database
After a sharp decline in 2009, global trade rebounded in 2010
Share of GDP (%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
84
The integrating world
Economies have become more
dependent on each other for goods,
services, labor, and capital. Although
many barriers remain, advances in
information and communications
technology, expanding financial
markets, and cheaper transportation
systems enable easier movement
of inputs and outputs among
economies, accelerating global
integration. Global integration
creates many opportunities, but the
benefits need to be shared equitably
both among and within economies.
production and distribution, which are often
spread over multiple locations. Developing
economies offering lower costs and new
markets are attracting foreign investment
in manufacturing. Skilled as well as
unskilled workers are seeking employment
in economies that offer higher wages.
High-income economies are looking at the
developing world to meet their increasing
demand for service and technology workers.
International trade is a critical channel for
integration. Despite a drop in global trade in
2009, goods equivalent to 48 percent of global
gross domestic product (GDP) were traded
in 2010, up from 32 percent in 1990. Over
the same period, trade in services increased
from 8 percent to 12 percent of global
GDP. These trends are likely to continue as
globally diversified production processes
require more trade in intermediate goods.
Traditional patterns of production and
employment have given way to new modes of
Foreign direct
investment
Portfolio
equity flows
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database
Foreign direct investment and portfolio
equity flows to developing economies
continue to increase
Net inflows to developing economies ($ billions)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1995
2000
2005
2010
Agriculture 2000 2010 Manufacturing 2000 2010 Textiles 2000 2010
Agricultural and textile products are subject to higher trade restrictions
Simple mean applied tariff rates (%)
Source: World Bank, World Integrated Trade Solution, based on data from the UN Conference on Trade and Development’s
Trade Analysis and Information System database and the UN Statistics Division’s Comtrade database
On imports from
high-income economies
On imports from
high-income economies
On imports from
developing economies
On imports from
developing economies
Imposed by high-income economies Imposed by developing economies
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
85Economy
High-income economies remain the principal source
and destination of international trade, but more developing
economies are participating, and trade with other developing
economies is growing.
Developing economies now account for almost 30 percent of
world trade. Some, such as China, Mexico, and Thailand, are
specializinginmanufacturedgoods,butmanyremainprimary
exporters of food, fuel, and raw materials. Between 2000 and 2010,
trade (in nominal terms) among developing economies grew
at an annual average rate of 21.7 percent—over 14 percentage
points faster than trade among high-income economies—while
trade between high-income economies and low- and middle-
income economies grew by 14 percent during the period. As
of 2010, almost half of merchandise exports from low-income
economies and a third from middle-income economies now go
to other developing economies, but demand from high-income
economies remains the driving force of international trade.
Reductions in tariff and nontariff barriers have helped to spur
trade, but many trade barriers remain. The poorest countries
impose higher barriers across a broad range of goods to protect
their producers and raise revenues for their governments. Rich
countries often impose their highest barriers selectively on the
exports of developing countries, especially agricultural and
textile products. In addition to tariff protection, they provide
subsidies and other forms of support to their farmers, enabling
them to sell agricultural products at very low prices that
developing country producers cannot match. Total agricultural
support in OECD countries exceeded $366 billion in 2010,
representing a 3.1 percent increase
from 2009, in nominal terms.
During the past decade, flows
of foreign direct investment (FDI)
toward developing economies have
increased substantially. It has long
beenrecognizedthatFDIlowscan
carry with them benefits of knowledge
and technology transfer to domestic
firms and the labor force, productivity
spillover, enhanced competition, and
improved access for exports abroad.
Moreover, they are the preferred
source of capital for financing a
current account deficit because FDI is
non-debt-creating. Although slowed
by the financial crisis, FDI inflows
to developing economies recovered
significantly from $400 billion in 2009
to $587 billion in 2010. Emerging
economies, particularly in East Asia
and the Pacific, experienced a robust
increase in economic growth supported
by foreign investment. China received
79 percent of the regional inflows and
commanded one-quarter of all FDI
inflows in the developing economies.
Developing country
Largest merchandise
exporters, 2010
Largest merchandise
importers, 2010
1
2
3
4
5
Merchandise trade
Rank
$
billions
China
Russian Federation
Mexico
India
Brazil
1,578
400
298
220
202
Developing country
1
2
3
4
5
Rank
$
billions
China
India
Mexico
Russian Federation
Brazil
1,395
350
310
249
191
Mexico is a major importer
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Dominican
Republic
Bermuda
(UK)
The Gambia
Cape Verde
The Bahamas
Grenada
St. Lucia
Dominica
St. Kitts and Nevis
Antigua and Barbuda
Guadeloupe (Fr)
Barbados
Martinique (Fr)
French Guiana
(Fr)
Kiribati
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
São Tomé and Príncipe
Luxembourg
French Polynesia (Fr)
Cayman Islands (UK)
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
Aruba
(Neth)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
US Virgin
Islands (US)
Puerto
Rico (US)
Greenland (Den)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
Isle of Man (UK)
Channel Islands (UK)
Liechtenstein
Andorra
Gibraltar (UK)
Monaco
Western Sahara
Curaçao
(Neth)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
Latin America & Caribbean
2000: 36%
2005: 40%
2010: 35%
Middle East & North Africa
2000: 48%
2005: 63%
2010: 61%
75–99%
60–74%
40–59%
less than 40%
100% or more
no data
merchandise trade
exports and imports as a share of GDP, 2010
86
Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD)—Trade
www.oecd.org/tradeThe five largest exporters in 2010 accounted for more than half
the merchandise exports of developing economies.
Average tariffs imposed by high-income economies have declined,
but high barriers to some exports of developing countries remain,
especially agricultural and textile products. For instance, simple mean
applied tariff on imported agricultural products from developing
countries rose to 4.7 percent in 2010 from 2.5 percent in 2000.
World trade in services as a percentage of GDP grew from
7 percent in 1990 to over 12 percent in 2008, but after the global
financial crisis, it declined to 11 percent in 2009 and 2010.
Starting in 2009, China replaced Germany as the second-ranking
importer of the world, with only the United States importing more
goods.
World Trade Organization—
Statistics Database
International Monetary Fund—
Statistics
United Nations Conference on
Trade and Development—
Statistics
United Nations—
Trade Statistics
www.wto.org
(go to ‘Documents and resources’,
select ‘Statistics Database’)
www.imfstatistics.org
(select ‘BOPS’ or ‘DOTS’)
www.unctad.org
(go to ‘Statistics’, select ‘UNCTADstat’)
unstats.un.org/unsd/trade
unstats.un.org/unsd/
servicetrade
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Comoros Timor-Leste
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Tonga
Réunion (Fr)
Mayotte
(Fr)
Israel
Cyprus
Mauritius
Maldives
Lebanon
Kuwait
Qatar
Palau
Federated States of Micronesia
Samoa
Fiji
Marshall Islands
Solomon Islands
Brunei Darussalam
Malta
Bahrain
Singapore
Seychelles
San
Marino
Kosovo
West Bank and Gaza
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Guam (US)
Nauru
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
American Samoa (US)
South Asia
2000: 23%
2005: 32%
2010: 34%
East Asia & Pacific
2000: 59%
2005: 71%
2010: 57%
Europe & Central Asia
2000: 53%
2005: 54%
2010: 52%
Sub-Saharan Africa
2000: 51%
2005: 57%
2010: 58%
87Economy
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
China received over 80 percent of FDI inflows to East Asia and
the Pacific in 2010
China
Brazil
Russian Federation
India
Mexico
Chile
Indonesia
Kazakhstan
Thailand
Malaysia
185.1
48.5
43.3
24.2
20.2
15.1
13.8
10.8
9.7
9.2
Developing countries that attracted the
largest FDI net inflows, 2010
Developing country $ billionsRank
© Cory Doctorow
Used via a Creative Commons license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Dominican
Republic
Guadeloupe (Fr)
Martinique (Fr)
French Guiana
(Fr)
Kiribati
The Gambia
Dominica
Bermuda
(UK)
The Bahamas
Cape Verde
Antigua and Barbuda
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Grenada
Barbados
São Tomé and Príncipe
Luxembourg
Gibraltar (UK)
Monaco
Liechtenstein
Andorra
Isle of Man (UK)
Channel Islands (UK)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
Greenland (Den)
French Polynesia (Fr)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
Cayman Islands (UK)
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
Aruba
(Neth)
US Virgin
Islands (US)
Puerto
Rico (US)
Curaçao
(Neth)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
Western
Sahara
Middle East & North Africa
2.7%
Latin America & Caribbean
2.4%
4.0–5.9%
2.0–3.9%
1.0–1.9%
less than 1.0%
6.0% or more
no data
foreign direct investment
foreign direct investment net inflows as a
share of GDP, 2010 or latest available data
88
World Bank Group—Data
International Monetary Fund—
Balance of Payments Statistics
www.imfstatistics.org
(select ‘BOPS’)
data.worldbank.org
United Nations Conference on
Trade and Development—
Statistics
www.unctad.org
(go to ‘Statistics’, then
select ‘UNCTADstat’)
Luxembourg’s net outward direct investment in foreign economies in
2010 was nearly 3.5 times its GDP. Hong Kong S.A.R., China was the
second-highest with FDI outflows accounting for 42 percent of its GDP.
Low-income countries as a group saw FDI inflows increase by almost
40 percent in 2010, largely due to rising South-South investment
in extractive industries and infrastructure development. But an
overwhelming share of FDI inflows went to China, where they
increased by 62 percent to $185 billion.
FDI net flows to high-income countries accounted for nearly 65 percent
of the world total in 2010. Among developing regions, East Asia and
the Pacific received the largest amount in 2010 ($231.3 billion), having
grown fivefold since 2000.
Mexico, the second-largest recipient of FDI in Latin America and the
Caribbean, received US$19 billion FDI in 2010, up 25 percent over
the 2009 level.
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Benin
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Kuwait
Bahrain
Samoa
Cyprus
Palau
Comoros
Mayotte
(Fr)
Réunion (Fr)
Federated States of Micronesia
Mauritius
Israel
Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Qatar
Seychelles
Maldives Singapore
Timor-Leste
Solomon Islands
Fiji
Kosovo
Malta
Lebanon
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Guam (US)
American Samoa (US)
Nauru
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
San
Marino
West Bank and Gaza
Sub-Saharan Africa
2.3%
Europe & Central Asia
2.8%
South Asia
1.4%
East Asia & Pacific
3.1%
89Economy
World
$68.4 billion
World
$449.2 billion
High-income
57%
Sub-Saharan Africa
3%
South Asia
8%
East Asia & Pacific
5% Europe & Central Asia
5%
Latin America &
Caribbean
8%
Middle East &
North Africa
14%
High-income
27%
Sub-Saharan
Africa
5%
South Asia
18%
East Asia & Pacific
21%
Europe &
Central Asia
8%
Latin America &
Caribbean
13%
Middle East &
North Africa
8%
20101990
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database
A larger share of remittance flows are now going to developing economies
Workers’ remittances and compensation of employees, received
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 2000 20051995 2010
Most migrants reside in high-income economies
International migrant stock (millions)
Source: World Bank estimates based on data from the UN Population Division
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
High-income
Middle-income
Low-income
90
People on the move
The movement of people across
national borders is a visible and
increasingly important aspect of
global integration. Three percent
of the world’s population—more
than 213 million people—now live
in countries in which they were not
born. The forces driving the flow
of migrants from poor economies
to rich economies are likely to
grow stronger in the future.
economies, the population is aging and
growing slowly, while in many developing
countries the population is young and
growing rapidly. This imbalance creates a
strong demand for developing-economy
workers, especially to provide services that
can be supplied only locally. Immigrants
in high-income economies have increased
to 12 percent of the population, up from
8 percent two decades before. There can
be other reasons for immigration. After
the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991,
many people moved between the newly
independent states, raising the number
of migrants recorded in middle-income
economies.
Migration is often accompanied by a
flow of remittances—transfers of gifts and
wages and salaries earned abroad—from
migrants to their countries of origin. The
direction of the remittances is related to
the geographical movement of the labor
force and the relative economic positions
of sending and receiving countries, as
well as the impact these flows have on the
receiving economies. Over the past decade,
international migration has intensified and
this is reflected in remittances becoming
an increasing source of financial flows to
low- and middle-income and even some
Migration is on the rise, especially from
poor economies to rich economies. Wage
differences and demographic trends
encourage migration. In many high-income
Source: United Nations Population Division,
World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision
Ea
st
A
si
a
&
Pa
ci
fic
Eu
ro
pe
&
C
en
tr
al
A
si
a
La
tin
A
m
er
ic
a
&
C
ar
ib
be
an
M
id
dl
e
Ea
st
&
N
or
th
A
fr
ic
a
So
ut
h
As
ia
Su
b-
Sa
ha
ra
n
Af
ri
ca
Among developing regions, Sub-Saharan Africa
was the highest net migrant sender during
2005–2010
Net out-migration (millions)
0
2
4
6
8
10
1990
2000
2010
199
0
199
1
199
2
199
3
199
4
199
5
199
6
199
7
199
8
199
9
200
0
200
1
200
2
200
3
200
4
200
5
200
6
200
7
200
8
200
9
201
0
Source: World Bank estimates based on the International Monetary Fund’s Balance of Payments Statistics and
OECD DAC’s International Development Statistics
Remittances to developing countries have fallen slightly since 2008
Remittances received (% of GDP)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Remittances received, low-income economies
Remittances received, middle-income economies
Remittances received, high-income economies
91Economy
high-income economies. Unlike other kinds of financial
flows, remittances do not create liabilities and are often
received by people who need financing the most. From
2000 to 2010, remittance inflows to developing economies
more than quadrupled. Global remittance flows almost
reached $450 billion in 2010, with 72 percent going to
developing economies.
In 2010, the largest share of remittances went to Asia:
East Asia and the Pacific received $94.0 billion in remittances
and South Asia received $82.0 billion. The top remittance-
receiving developing economies in 2010 were India
($54.0 billion), China ($53.0 billion), Mexico ($22.0 billion),
and the Philippines ($21.4 billion). Among the high-income
economies, France ($15.6 billion), Germany ($11.3 billion),
Spain ($10.5 billion), and the Republic of Korea ($8.7 billion)
received the largest amount of remittances in the form of
compensation of employees.
Empirical studies have found that remittances can raise
income levels, especially among the poor. Evidence from
some countries suggests that a large proportion of
remittances received are invested, which should lead to
improvements in the overall economy. Migration opportunities
may also encourage higher levels of educational attainment.
And increases in income from remittances along with the
transfer of knowledge through migrants result in better health
outcomes for other household members.
Migration may also have negative effects. Among
international migrants are millions of highly educated
people who have moved to developed
countries from developing countries.
By migrating they improve their own
prospects and provide valuable services
in high-income economies, but the
loss of human capital, so-called brain
drain, from developing countries, may
increase the concentration of poverty
and reduce the social benefits of
migration.
Remittances have remained fairly
resilient during the global financial
crisis. The slowdown of the global
economy during the second half
of 2008 affected remittance flows
in all regions. Remittance flows to
developing countries dropped from
$323 billion in 2008 to $306 billion
in 2009, but increased in 2010 to
$325 billion, above the 2008 level.
Even though remittances fell
5.2 percent in 2009, other financial
flows to developing countries, such as
foreign direct investment, fell much
more drastically in response to the
financial crisis (36.3 percent from
2008 to 2009).
Country
Net in-migration
(thousands)
Countries with highest migrations, 2005–2010
4,955
3,077
2,250
1,999
1,136
United States
United Arab Emirates
Spain
Italy
Russian Federation
1
2
3
4
5
Rank
Country
Net out-migration
(thousands)
3,000
2,908
2,000
1,884
1,805
India
Bangladesh
Pakistan
China
Mexico
1
2
3
4
5
Rank
Immigrants becoming U.S. citizens at a naturalization
oath ceremony
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Dominican
Republic
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Kiribati
Cape Verde
São Tomé and Príncipe
St. Lucia
French Polynesia (Fr)
The Bahamas
Puerto
Rico (US)
Dominica
St. Kitts and Nevis
Guadeloupe (Fr)
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Grenada
Barbados
Martinique (Fr)
French Guiana
(Fr)
Greenland (Den)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
Monaco
Isle of Man (UK)
Channel Islands (UK)
Luxembourg
Liechtenstein
Andorra
The Gambia
Bermuda
(UK)
Antigua and Barbuda
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
US Virgin
Islands (US)
Cayman Islands (UK)
Aruba
(Neth)
Gibraltar (UK)
Curaçao
(Neth)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
Western
Sahara
Middle East & North Africa
3.6%
Latin America & Caribbean
1.1%
1.0–2.9%
3.0–5.9%
6.0–14.9%
15.0% or more
less than 1.0%
no data
migration
international migrants as a
share of population, 2010
92
United Nations
Population Division—
International Migration
www.un.org/esa/
population/migration
United Nations Refugee
Agency—Statistics
www.unhcr.org/
statistics.html
OECD—Migration www.oecd.org/migration
International Labour
Organization—
Labour Migration
www.ilo.org
(go to ‘Topics’, select
‘Labour Migration’)
International Organization
for Migration
www.iom.int
In the 1960s, the majority of migrants lived in developing countries.
In 2010, nearly two-thirds resided in high-income countries.
As of 2010, 81 million migrants lived in developing countries
(about 1.4 percent of their population), compared to 132 million in
high-income countries (about 12 percent of their population).
The number of migrants in the world grew from about 72 million in
1960 to more than 213 million in 2010. This represents about 3 percent
of the world’s population.
Refugees are an important component of the migrant stock. At the end
of 2010, the number of refugees, including those under the mandate of
the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the
Near East (UNRWA), stood at 15.4 million, accounting for approximately
7 percent of the migrants in the world.
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Benin
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Vanuatu
Tonga
Maldives
Comoros Timor-Leste
Federated States of Micronesia
Solomon Islands Tuvalu
Fiji
Samoa
Marshall Islands
Mauritius
Malta
Cyprus
Seychelles
Mayotte
(Fr)
Réunion (Fr)
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
American Samoa (US)
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Guam (US)
PalauBrunei Darussalam
Singapore
Qatar
Kuwait
Bahrain
Lebanon
Israel
West Bank and Gaza
San
Marino
Kosovo
Nauru
Sub-Saharan Africa
2.1%
Europe & Central Asia
6.9%
South Asia
0.8%
East Asia & Pacific
0.3%
High-income
12.0%
93Economy
Top recipients of workers’ remittances and
compensation of employees, 2010
India
China
Mexico
Philippines
Bangladesh
Nigeria
Pakistan
Vietnam
Egypt, Arab Rep.
Lebanon
54.0
53.0
22.0
21.4
10.9
10.0
9.7
8.3
7.7
7.6
India has the world’s largest migrant outflow
Developing country $ billionsRank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Dominican
Republic
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Guadeloupe (Fr)
Martinique (Fr)
French Guiana
(Fr) São Tomé and Príncipe
Antigua and Barbuda
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Barbados
Luxembourg
Bermuda
(UK)
Dominica
Grenada
St. Kitts and Nevis
The Gambia
Cape Verde
French Polynesia (Fr)
Kiribati
Cayman Islands (UK)
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
Aruba
(Neth)
Puerto
Rico (US)
The Bahamas
US Virgin
Islands (US)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
Western Sahara
Greenland (Den)
Isle of Man (UK)
Channel Islands (UK)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
Gibraltar (UK)
Monaco
Liechtenstein
Andorra
Curaçao
(Neth)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
Over 38 percent of the
remittances received in
Latin America & Caribbean
go to Mexico. Guatemala,
second-highest in the region,
received 7 percent
Middle East & North Africa
received the largest workers’
remittances and compensation
of employees as a share of its
GDP in 2010 (4.3 percent)
0.5–0.9%
1.0–2.4%
2.5–4.9%
5.0% or more
less than 0.5%
no data
remittances
remittances received as a share of GDP,
2010 or latest available data
94
As a share of GDP, Tajikistan (40 percent), Lesotho (34 percent), the
Kyrgz Republic (27 percent), and Samoa (24 percent) were the largest
recipients of remittances in 2010. Chile (0.001 percent), Japan
(0.03 percent), R.B. Venezuela (0.04 percent), and the United States
(0.04 percent) were the lowest.
Remittances to developing countries increased from 1.1 percent of
GDP in 1990 to 1.7 percent in 2010. In high-income countries they
remained constant at 0.3 percent.
At the beginning of the 1990s, more than half of remittances went to
high-income economies. In 2010, middle-income economies received
nearly 67 percent of all remittances, and low-income economies
received 5.5 percent.
High-income economies are the principal source of outward remittance
flows. The United States is the largest, with $51.6 billion in 2010. Saudi
Arabia ($27.1 billion) is the second, followed by Switzerland ($21.7 billion).
World Bank—
Migration and Remittances
www.worldbank.org/prospects/
migrationandremittances
OECD—Migration www.oecd.org/migration
International Monetary
Fund—Balance of
Payments Statistics
www.imf.org/
(go to ‘Data and Statistics’,
then select ‘Balance of
Payments Statistics’)
Migration Information
Source
www.migrationinformation.org
Development Research
Centre on Migration,
Globalisation and Poverty
www.migrationdrc.org
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Benin
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Solomon Islands
Maldives
Mayotte
(Fr)
Réunion (Fr)
Vanuatu
Malta
Israel
Cyprus
Seychelles
Mauritius
Kosovo
Lebanon
Fiji
Tonga
Samoa
San
Marino
West Bank and Gaza
Qatar
Kuwait
Bahrain
Comoros
Singapore
Brunei Darussalam
Timor-Leste
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Guam (US)
Palau
Federated States of Micronesia
American Samoa (US)
Tuvalu
Nauru
Marshall Islands
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
Sub-Saharan Africa received the
smallest amount of remittances in
2010 ($21 billion in 2010),
equivalent to 2.2 percent of its GDP
Outflows of remittances from high-income economies
were $245 billion in 2010, up from $61 billion in 1990
East Asia & Pacific received the
largest amount of remittances
in 2010 ($94 billion)
In 2010 only two countries in
Europe & Central Asia had a
larger outflow in remittances
than their inflow. Russia
($19 billion outflow vs $5 billion
inflow) and Kazakhstan
($3 billion outflow vs
$0.3 billion inflow)
India accounted for 67 percent
of all workers’ remittances and
compensation of employees
($54 billion) flowing into
South Asia in 2010
95Economy
Aid by sector as share of donors’ bilateral commitments, 2010
The social sector received the most DAC donor
bilateral aid in 2010
Source: OECD DAC
Social
37%
Other
10%
Humanitarian
9%
Debt-related
3%
General
program aid
3%
Multi-sector
13%
Production
8% Economic
17%
Who were the largest donors in 2010?
Source: OECD DAC
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
United States
European Commission
France
Germany
United Kingdom
Japan
Netherlands
Spain
Norway
Canada
Other DAC members
All DAC members
26,586
12,428
8,036
8,017
7,787
7,337
4,841
3,999
3,926
3,561
16,867
103,385
25.7
12.0
7.8
7.8
7.5
7.1
4.7
3.9
3.8
3.4
16.3
100.0
% of total$ millionsCountryRank
Net bilateral ODA
disbursements in 2010
DAC donors
1990 2000 2010
Net ODA received in per capita terms has increased
for most regions
Net ODA per capita ($)
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database
Middle East
& North
Africa
Sub-
Saharan
Africa
East Asia
& Pacific
Latin
America &
Caribbean
Europe &
Central
Asia
South
Asia
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
96
Aid for development
The global economy is more
integrated than ever. Countries
are exchanging more goods and
services, international financial
flows have increased, and private
investors are active in many
developing countries. But even
in an expanding world economy,
many countries cannot finance
their own development. Aid helps
to fill the gap.
Development is a partnership between
developing and donor countries. Donor
countries help recipient countries build
the capacity to foster change; recipient
countries invest in their people and
create an environment that sustains
growth. Countries that have difficulty
tapping financial markets must rely
on aid flows from wealthier countries
to fund development programs. Net
official development assistance (ODA)
to developing countries reached
$131.1 billion in 2010, the highest
ever in nominal terms—representing
a 3.2 percent increase in real terms
from the 2009 level.
According to the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development’s
Development Assistance Committee (DAC),
the top 10 donors in 2010 contributed
84 percent of all aid provided by DAC
members. The top four—the United States,
the European Commission, France, and
Germany—contributed 53 percent.
Aid increased sharply in 2005, as
donor countries followed through on
promises made at the 2002 United Nations
In 2010, DAC aid to recipient countries increased, but the amount of aid received as a percentage of GNI decreased
2010 $ (billions) % of GNI
Source: OECD DAC
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Net ODA received
as a % of GNI
Net ODA received in
constant 2010 dollars
Source: World Bank’s Global Development Finance; World Bank estimates
based on data from International Monetary Fund’s Balance of Payments
Statistics; OECD DAC’s International Development Statistics
South Asia
Middle East &
North Africa
Latin America &
Caribbean
Europe &
Central Asia
East Asia &
Pacific
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Aid is the biggest source of financing for
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sources of financial flows (US$ billions), 2010
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
FDI & portfolio
equity inflows
Aid Workers’
remittances
received
97Economy
International Conference on Financing for Development,
in Monterrey, Mexico, and reinforced at the 2005 Group of
Eight (G8) summit at Gleneagles, Scotland. But a large
part of this increase came as debt relief, not new aid flows.
Aid in absolute terms and measured as a share of donors’
gross national income declined between 2005 and 2007,
but has increased since then. Still, a significant increase in
donor commitment is required to meet the targets set at
Gleneagles.
The form of aid and purpose for which it is given make a
difference. Debt-related aid provides relief from liabilities
that recipient countries have difficulty servicing, and can
free up public resources for other purposes, but it may not
result in an equivalent expansion of development activities.
Humanitarian assistance provides relief for sudden disasters
and emergency situations, but it does not generally contribute
to financing long-term development. Furthermore, the
administrative costs of providing aid are mainly spent in the
donor economy.
Aid is not the only source of development finance or, for
many countries, the most important. Remittances and private
capital flows are a growing source of financing for some.
Remittances received worldwide more than tripled in the
past decade, from $136 billion in 2000 to $449 billion in
2010. But extremely poor countries, especially in Sub-Saharan
Africa, still require substantial increases in aid to reach their
development goals.
Developing country
Net ODA received as a share of GNI, 2010
A British Chinook helicopter takes UNHCR relief items to the
Leepa Valley, in Pakistan-administered Kashmir
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Liberia
Solomon Islands
Marshall Islands
Haiti
Afghanistan
Federated States of Micronesia
Burundi
Democratic Republic of Congo
Tuvalu
Samoa
175.5
61.4
45.9
45.5
42.4
40.2
31.0
29.0
26.2
25.5
%Rank
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Dominican
Republic
Kiribati
St. Lucia
Dominica
St. Vincent and the GrenadinesGrenada
St. Kitts and Nevis
Antigua and Barbuda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Cape Verde
The Gambia
Barbados
French Polynesia (Fr)
Bermuda
(UK)
US Virgin
Islands (US)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)The Bahamas
Puerto
Rico (US)
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
Cayman Islands (UK)
Aruba
(Neth)
Greenland (Den)
Isle of Man (UK)
Channel Islands (UK)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
Liechtenstein
Andorra
Gibraltar (UK)
Monaco
Curaçao
(Neth)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
Western
Sahara
Luxembourg
Guadeloupe (Fr)
Martinique (Fr)
French Guiana
(Fr)
The United States is the
largest donor of total aid
In 2010, aid per capita received by
developing countries was $23,
up from $13, in 2008
less than $10
$10–49
$50–99
$100 or more
no data
received
* A ‘net aid donor’ both
gives and receives official
development assistance
less than $50
$50–99
net donor*
$100–199
$200 or more
donated
aid
aid per capita, 2010
98
Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development
(OECD), Development Assistance
Committee (DAC)
www.oecd.org/dacMany donor countries pledged to provide aid equivalent to at least
0.7 percent of GNI, but the average remains around 0.31 percent.
In 2010, only five countries—Denmark, Luxembourg, the
Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden—fulfilled their pledge.
Aid received by low-income countries in 2010 constituted
9.5 percent of their GNI. In middle-income countries, aid was
only 0.3 percent of GNI.
Since 1990, aid per capita has increased by $17 in Sub-Saharan
Africa, from $35 to $52. Aid per capita to the Middle East and
North Africa decreased by more than half in recent years, from
$76 in 2008 to $37 in 2010.
The top non-DAC donor that reports aid is Saudi Arabia, which
provided $3.5 billion in 2010. This would rank 11th among the top
DAC donors behind Norway's 3.6 billion. Turkey is the second-
highest non-DAC donor, providing less than a billion in aid in 2010.
Statistics on aid from OECD DAC www.oecd.org/dac/stats
World Bank Group, International
Development Association
www.worldbank.org/ida
The European Commission,
Development and Cooperation—
Europeaid
ec.europa.eu/europeaid/
index_en.htm
International Monetary Fund,
Extended Credit Facility
www.imf.org
(go to ‘About the IMF’, then
select ‘Factsheet’)
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Benin
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Kosovo
Lebanon
West Bank and Gaza
Seychelles
Maldives
Timor-Leste
Palau
Federated States of Micronesia
Vanuatu
Tonga
Samoa
Solomon Islands Tuvalu
Marshall Islands
Fiji
Mauritius
Comoros
San
Marino
Malta
Cyprus
Qatar
Bahrain
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Guam (US)
Singapore
Brunei Darussalam
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
American Samoa (US)
Nauru
Réunion (Fr)
Mayotte
(Fr)
KuwaitIsrael
Sub-Saharan Africa received the largest
amount of net aid of any region
Norway leads all donors in the share of gross
national income provided as aid in 2010
East Asia and the Pacific received
the smallest amount of aid per
capita of any region
99Economy
India was the largest recipient of IDA disbursements
in 2010
2009 2010IDA loans and grants disbursement ($ millions)
Source: World Bank, Global Development Finance database
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Uganda
Ghana
Congo,
Dem. Rep.
India
Nigeria
Vietnam
Tanzania
Ethiopia
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400
Eighty-five percent of IBRD disbursements in 2010
went to the 10 largest borrowers
2009 2010IBRD disbursements ($ millions)
Source: World Bank, Global Development Finance database
Kazakhstan
China
Colombia
Argentina
Egypt, Arab Rep.
Brazil
India
Turkey
Mexico
Indonesia
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000
Debt service continued to decline for most regions
in 2010
Total debt service (% of exports of goods, services, and income)
Source: World Bank, Global Development Finance database
Middle East
& North
Africa
Sub-
Saharan
Africa
East Asia
& Pacific
Latin
America &
Caribbean
Europe &
Central
Asia
South
Asia
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45 2000
2005
2010
100
External debt
Many countries borrow from
abroad to finance development,
but when debt exceeds a country’s
capacity to service it, the debt
burden becomes unsustainable
and hinders development.
Making debt manageable for poor
countries frees up resources that
can be used to support economic
growth and social development.
Developing countries borrow because at
early stages of development they have
small stocks of capital and are likely to
have investment opportunities that may
be risky but have high returns. Often these
investment projects have a significant public
good component, such as transportation,
infrastructure, education, and public health.
Because government budgets and domestic
savings are low, many countries must turn
to external sources of funding. Poor and
less creditworthy countries may qualify for
concessional lending by official creditors,
such as the multilateral development banks
and other governments; creditworthy middle-
income countries can borrow at market rates
from official and private lenders.
By the end of 2010, developing countries’
external debt was $4 trillion, with the 10
largest debtors owing 73 percent of the
total. External debt from private creditors
to developing countries increased from
$1.3 trillion in 2000 to $3 trillion in 2010.
Short-term debt was the fastest growing
component. Multilateral creditors, the
World Bank Group in particular, were
important sources of financing to public
sector borrowers. In 2010 alone the World
Middle East
& North
Africa
Sub-
Saharan
Africa
East Asia
& Pacific
Latin
America &
Caribbean
Europe &
Central
Asia
South
Asia
Source: World Bank, Global Development Finance database
External debt stocks (% of GNI) 2000 2010
Sub-Saharan Africa saw significant reductions
in its external debt stocks over the last decade,
mostly due to HIPC and MDRI
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 201020042000 200320022001
Net debt flows (US$ billions)
Source: World Bank, Global Development Finance database
Net debt inflows from private creditors rebounded in 2010
-75
0
75
150
225
300
375
450
525
Official
creditors
Private
creditors
Short
term
101Economy
Bank Group made $43 billion in new commitments and
disbursements of $34 billion. This included commitments
of $32 billion made through the International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) at market rates and
$11 billion in grants and concessional lending made by the
International Development Association (IDA).
Debt burdens and debt relief
Overborrowing and unexpected events such as terms-of-trade
shocks, natural disasters, or civil conflict can turn ordinary debt
burdens into unmanageable ones. Oil price increases in the
1980s precipitated a debt crisis among middle-income countries.
For many poor countries, especially those in Africa, debt
burdens became unsustainable after a decade of slow growth
in the 1990s. In 1996, the World Bank and the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) launched the Heavily Indebted Poor
Countries (HIPC) initiative to provide relief to low-income
countries with recurring debt repayment problems. The
initiative aimed to provide permanent relief from unsustainable
debt and to redirect the resources going to debt service to
social expenditures aimed at poverty reduction. By the end of
2011, 36 countries had participated in the initiative and received
debt relief of $76.4 billion. Since 2006, the World Bank, the
IMF, the African Development Fund, and the Inter-American
Development Bank have provided additional debt relief under
the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI). As of September
2011, 32 HIPC countries, primarily in Sub-Saharan Africa, had
received additional assistance of $47.1 billion under the MDRI.
All developing regions have
improved their external debt position.
Measured against gross national
income (GNI), the stock of external
debt was 21 percent in 2010, compared
to 37.8 percent in 2000. The ratio of
debt service (principal and interest
payments) to exports fell to 9.8 percent.
And the ratio of external debt
outstanding to exports fell from
128.5 percent in 2000 to 68.7 percent
in 2010. East Asia and the Pacific and
the Middle East and North Africa had
the lowest external debt ratios. Europe
and Central Asia was the most indebted
region in 2010: the ratios of external
debt outstanding to GNI (43 percent)
and to export earnings (121 percent)
were three times those of the East
Asian countries. The debt-to-export
ratio in Sub-Saharan African countries
declined to 54 percent at the end of
2010, compared with 185.1 percent in
2000, and the debt service to export
ratio fell to 3.3 percent, less than
one-third its 2000 level.
Developing
country
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Highest debtors in 2010
Total external debt
(US$ billions)
[Total debt (% of GNI)]
China
Russian Federation
Brazil
Turkey
India
Mexico
Indonesia
Argentina
Romania
Kazakhstan
548 [9%]
384 [27%]
346 [17%]
293 [40%]
290 [17%]
200 [20%]
179 [26%]
127 [36%]
121 [76%]
118 [94%]
India is among the 10 most indebted developing economies
Rank
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra
Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Dominican
Republic
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Dominica
Grenada
The Gambia
São Tomé
and Príncipe
Cape Verde
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
St. Lucia
St. Kitts and Nevis
French Polynesia (Fr)
Kiribati
Bermuda
(UK)
The Bahamas
Cayman Islands (UK)
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
Aruba
(Neth)
Puerto
Rico (US)
US Virgin
Islands (US)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
Guadeloupe (Fr)
Martinique (Fr)
French Guiana
(Fr)
Barbados
Antigua and Barbuda
Gibraltar (UK)
Monaco
Isle of Man (UK)
Channel Islands (UK)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
Luxembourg
Liechtenstein
Andorra
Greenland (Den)
Curaçao
(Neth)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
Western
Sahara
Guinea-Bissau
2000: 467%
2010: 125%
Nicaragua
2000: 181%
2010: 77%
Liberia
2000: 719%
2010: 28%
15–29%
30–44%
45–59%
60% or more
less than 15%
no data
external debt as a share of GNI, 2010
external debt
102
Quarterly External
Debt Statistics
Bank for International
Settlements
www.bis.org
(go to ‘Statistics’, then
select ‘External debt’)
World Bank Data
www.worldbank.org/qeds
External Debt Statistics and
the IMF
Joint External Debt Hub www.jedh.org
In Sub-Saharan Africa, the ratio of debt to GNI fell from an average
65 percent in 2000 to 20 percent in 2010.
The ratio of debt service to exports for developing countries fell
from 21 percent in 2000 to 9.8 percent in 2010.
In 2010 the World Bank committed over $43 billion in loan, credits,
and grants, equivalent to 53 percent of the commitments from all
multilateral institutions to public sector borrowers in 2010.
Net debt inflows from private creditors surged to $424 billion in
2010, from $86 billion in 2009.
Short-term debt inflow to the top 10 borrowers was $220 billion,
80 percent of the total short-term inflow of $269 billion in 2010.
Half of this went to China, where imports rose 34 percent in
U.S. dollar terms in 2010.
data.worldbank.org
www.imf.org/external/
np/sta/ed/ed.htm
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Benin
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Maldives
Comoros
Seychelles
Lebanon
Samoa
Tonga
Solomon Islands
Vanuatu
Fiji
Kosovo
Mauritius
Réunion (Fr)
Mayotte
(Fr)
Qatar
Kuwait
Bahrain
Israel
Cyprus
West Bank and Gaza
Malta
San
Marino
Singapore
Brunei Darussalam
Timor-Leste
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Guam (US)
Palau
Federated States of Micronesia
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
American Samoa (US)
Tuvalu
Nauru
Marshall Islands
Russian Federation
2000: 63%
2010: 27%
Latvia
2000: 62%
2010: 164%
Low- & middle-income
Low-income
Middle-income
2000
38%
68%
37%
2010
21%
28%
21%
103Economy
0
30
60
90
120
150
1990 2009 1990 2009 1990 2009 1990 2009 1990 2009 1990 2009 1990 2009
East Asia &
Pacific
Europe &
Central Asia
Latin America &
Caribbean
Middle East &
North Africa
South Asia Sub-Saharan
Africa
High-income
Source: World Bank estimates based on the study Ambient Particulate Matter Concentration in Residential and Pollution Hotspot Areas of the World Cities;
New estimates based on the Global Model of Ambient Particulates (GMAPS), 2011
Pollution from particulate matter in cities is decreasing
Urban-population-weighted particulate matter (PM10 per cubic meter)
196
0
196
5
197
0
197
5
198
0
198
5
199
0
199
5
200
0
200
5
201
0
Source: UN World Urbanization Prospects, 2011 revision; World Bank estimates
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
East Asia now has the largest number of people living in cities
Population living in urban areas (millions) East Asia & Pacific
Europe & Central Asia
High-income
Latin America & Caribbean
Middle East & North Africa
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
104
The urban environment
Cities will continue to grow as
people seek the economic and
social opportunities they offer.
Cities can be efficient providers of
water and sanitation services and
access to health care, education,
and other social and cultural
services, but they also face
increasing costs of congestion and
pollution, and they make demands
on the environment and natural
resources.
access to public services, and a higher
standard of living. The world’s urban
population is expected to almost double by
2050, rising to 6.4 billion from 3.5 billion in
2010. Sub-Saharan Africa will experience a
drastic increase in its urban population,
from 315 million to more than a billion
over the next four decades.
Among developing regions, urbanization
has gone farthest in Latin America and the
Caribbean, where 79 percent of the people
now live in urban areas; this number is
expected to increase to 88 percent by 2050.
By 2050, 70 percent of the world’s population
will live in urban areas, in some countries
placing tremendous pressure on the capacity
of the natural and human-made environment
to support them. The consequences could be
further deterioration of living conditions, the
growth of slums, the destruction of habitat,
and increased air and water pollution.
Cities, now home to more than half of
the world’s people, are growing rapidly in
size and number, especially in developing
countries. People flock to cities for work,
Cities house more than half the world’s population, but basic services are
often lacking in poor areas
0 20 40 60 80 100
East Asia &
Pacific
Latin America &
Caribbean
Middle East &
North Africa
South Asia
Sub-Saharan
Africa
High-income
Europe &
Central Asia
Source: World Health Organization; World Bank estimates
Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia have
the lowest access to improved sanitation
in urban areas
Proportion of urban population with access to
improved sanitation facilities (%)
1990
2010
1990
2010
1990
2010
1990
2010
1990
2010
1990
2010
1990
2010
Source: United Nations Population Division; World Bank estimates
Ea
st
A
si
a
&
Pa
ci
fic
Eu
ro
pe
&
C
en
tr
al
A
si
a
La
tin
A
m
er
ic
a
&
C
ar
ib
be
an
M
id
dl
e
Ea
st
&
N
or
th
A
fr
ic
a
So
ut
h
As
ia
Su
b-
Sa
ha
ra
n
Af
ri
ca
H
ig
h-
in
co
m
e
Sub-Saharan Africa is urbanizing more
rapidly than other regions
Average annual growth in urban population (%), 1990–2010
0
1
2
3
4
5
105Environment
UN Habitat defines a slum dwelling as a household that
lacks one or more of the following:
• Durablehousingofapermanentnature
• Suficientlivingspace
• Easyaccesstosafewater
• Accesstoadequatesanitation
• Securityoftenurethatpreventsforcedevictions.
By this definition, more than 900 million people in
developing regions live in slums—about one in three people
living in urban areas or one of every six people worldwide.
To achieve significant improvements in the lives of slum
dwellers, public and private investment in durable, affordable
housing is required.
Urbanization and the environment
The cost of urbanization to human health comes from a variety
of sources. The proximity to industrial works and roadways and
the use of inefficient and polluting sources of energy can result
in exposure to high levels of soot and small, airborne particles
(designated ‘PM10’—fine, suspended particles less than
10 microns in diameter) that contribute to lung cancer,
other respiratory diseases, and heart disease.
Air and water pollution in many of the world’s major cities
cause moderate to severe sickness and death and cost billions
of dollars in lost productivity and damages. Although all the
world’s large cities share these problems, water pollution tends
to be most serious in South, Southeast, and Central Asia. Air
pollution has the biggest impact in China, Latin America and
theCaribbean,andEasternEurope.
Not only are the human and financial
costs of pollution high, they tend to
fall disproportionately on poor people.
Therefore addressing pollution is
justified on equity, economic, and
environmental grounds.
Dhaka, Bangladesh, is one of the fastest-growing cities in the
developing world
Country
Urban
agglomeration
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Rank
Population
(millions)
22.7
20.4
20.2
19.9
19.7
15.6
15.4
14.4
13.9
13.5
Delhi
Mexico City
Shanghai
São Paulo
Mumbai
Beijing
Dhaka
Calcutta
Karachi
Buenos Aires
India
Mexico
China
Brazil
India
China
Bangladesh
India
Pakistan
Argentina
Largest urban agglomerations in developing
countries, 2011
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Dominican
Republic
St. Lucia
St. Kitts and Nevis
Antigua and Barbuda
Liechtenstein
Channel Islands (UK)
Kiribati
Aruba
(Neth)
Grenada
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Barbados
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
São Tomé and Príncipe
The Gambia
Cape Verde
Isle of Man (UK)
French Polynesia (Fr)
Dominica
Monaco
Luxembourg
Andorra
Greenland (Den)
Bermuda
(UK)
Guadeloupe (Fr)
Martinique (Fr)
US Virgin
Islands (US)
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
The Bahamas
Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto
Rico (US)
French Guiana
(Fr)
Gibraltar (UK)
Curaçao
(Neth)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
Western
Sahara
Latin America & Caribbean
79%
Middle East & North Africa
59%
35–49%
50–64%
65–79%
80% or more
less than 35%
no data
urbanization
urban population as a share of
total population, 2011
106
Population Reference Bureau
United Nations Population
Information Network
www.un.org/popin
www.prb.org
World Bank Urban Development www.worldbank.org/urban
United Nations, World
Urbanization Prospects,
2011 Revision
esa.un.org/unpd/wup/
CD-ROM/Urban-Rural-
Population.htm
United Nations—Habitat www.unhabitat.org/
documents/SOWC10/
R1.pdf
World Bank Open Data data.worldbank.org/
Latin America and the Caribbean has the highest share of people
living in urban areas.
The urban population of Sub-Saharan Africa is growing at an
average annual rate of 3.9 percent, faster than any other region.
An estimated 1 billion people live in urban slums in developing
countries.
In 1800, 3 percent of the world’s people lived in urban areas;
by 1900, 14 percent did; and today more than 50 percent do.
A total of 227 million people in the world have moved out of slum
conditions since 2000.
Over 90 percent of urbanization is taking place in the developing
world.
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Comoros Timor-Leste
Federated States of Micronesia
Solomon Islands
Vanuatu
Tonga
Samoa
Mauritius
Maldives
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
Tuvalu
Fiji
Seychelles
Cyprus
West Bank and Gaza
Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands
American Samoa (US)
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Guam (US)
Palau
Singapore
Mayotte
(Fr)
Réunion (Fr)
Qatar
Kuwait
Bahrain
Lebanon
Israel
San
Marino
Malta
Nauru
Kosovo
Sub-Saharan Africa
36%
Europe & Central Asia
64%
South Asia
31%
East Asia & Pacific
48%
107Environment
Real food price index, 2002–2004 = 100
World food prices rose sharply in 2008 and 2011,
reaching their highest levels in 30 years
20
12
*
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization
19
90
19
92
19
94
19
96
19
98
20
00
20
02
20
04
20
08
20
06
20
10
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Food
Meat
Dairy
Cereals
* July 2012
19
90
19
92
19
94
19
96
19
98
20
00
20
02
20
04
20
08
20
06
20
10
Over the past two decades, world food production
has increased by 18 percent
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization
Food production index, 2002–2004 = 100
World
Africa
South America
Southeast Asia
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
108
Feeding a
growing world
The world’s food supply has
expanded faster than its
population, but increasing
consumption in middle- and
high-income economies and
industrial demand for agricultural
outputs have led to higher prices
and local shortages. One billion
people lack adequate nutrition
to meet their daily needs—
a situation that climate change
could make worse.
The demand for agricultural outputs will
continue to grow because of population
growth, rising incomes, changes in dietary
preferences, and industrial demand for
commodities such as maize and oilseeds.
By 2050, there will be 9 billion people living
onEarth,almost2billionmorethantoday.
Most will live in cities, but all will depend
on agricultural areas around the world to
feed them.
Meeting the growing demand for food
requires producing more food and moving
it, often across borders, from surplus to
deficit areas. Improving the quality of
life of those who produce it requires a
continuously increasing productivity and
sustainable use of land. In recent decades,
about two-thirds of growth of the world
agricultural output has come from higher
agricultural productivity and only one-third
from the expansion of agricultural land.
Agricultural output has grown more rapidly
than population, but so has the demand for
agricultural products. For the past 50 years,
production in the developing regions of Asia
and South America has grown even faster,
around 2 percent a year. But in Sub-Saharan
Africa, with some of the highest rates of
In recent years, the world has had difficulty
producing enough food to feed all at
affordable prices, causing 1 billion people
to lack sufficient food to meet their daily
energy needs. Inadequate calorie intake
and diets that do not supply vital nutrients
take a pervasive toll on early childhood
development, impairing children’s cognitive
development and adversely affecting health
and productivity.
Land degradation costs an estimated $40 billion annually worldwide.
Overgrazing is one of many causes of land degradation
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization and
World Bank estimates
Ea
st
A
si
a
&
Pa
ci
fic
Eu
ro
pe
&
C
en
tr
al
A
si
a
La
tin
A
m
er
ic
a
&
C
ar
ib
be
an
M
id
dl
e
Ea
st
&
N
or
th
A
fr
ic
a
So
ut
h
As
ia
Su
b-
Sa
ha
ra
n
Af
ri
ca
H
ig
h-
in
co
m
e
...and cereal production has increased
Cereal production (million metric tons)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
19
90
20
10 1
99
0
19
90
19
90
19
90 1
99
0
19
90
20
10
20
10 2
01
0
20
10
20
10
20
10
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization and
World Bank estimates
Ea
st
A
si
a
&
Pa
ci
fic
Eu
ro
pe
&
C
en
tr
al
A
si
a
La
tin
A
m
er
ic
a
&
C
ar
ib
be
an
M
id
dl
e
Ea
st
&
N
or
th
A
fr
ic
a
So
ut
h
As
ia
Su
b-
Sa
ha
ra
n
Af
ri
ca
H
ig
h-
in
co
m
e
Land under cereal production has expanded...
Land under cereal production (million hectares)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
19
90
20
10
19
90
19
90
19
90
19
90
19
90
19
90
20
10
20
10
20
10
20
10
20
10
20
10
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization and
World Bank estimates
Ea
st
A
si
a
&
Pa
ci
fic
Eu
ro
pe
&
C
en
tr
al
A
si
a
La
tin
A
m
er
ic
a
&
C
ar
ib
be
an
M
id
dl
e
Ea
st
&
N
or
th
A
fr
ic
a
So
ut
h
As
ia
Su
b-
Sa
ha
ra
n
Af
ri
ca
H
ig
h-
in
co
m
e
Cereal yields have improved in most developing
regions but still trail high-income producers
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare)
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
19
90
20
10
19
90
19
90
19
90
19
90
19
90
19
90
20
10
20
10
20
10
20
10
20
10
20
10
109Environment
undernourishment, food production has barely kept pace with
population increase, and it remains expensive to import food
fromLatinAmerica,EasternEurope,andothersurplusregions.
Producing more affordable food entails more efficient
use of the agricultural inputs. Intensified cultivation through
the use of fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, and new plant
varieties can make limited land more productive. Such
practices, however, may also cause further environmental
degradation. Moreover, agricultural inputs are becoming
costlier along with rising crude oil prices. The effects of climate
change that causes more frequent droughts and floods as well
as more erratic weather patterns represent another challenge
to efforts to raise agricultural productivity.
Many poor farmers subsist on fragile lands, not always
wellsuitedtointensivefarming.Evenonlandssuitablefor
intensive farming practices, the farmers often lack fertilizers,
farm equipment, irrigation systems, and high-yielding plant
varieties and are poorly linked to markets for their produce.
Overgrazing, deforestation, improper crop rotation, and poor
soil and water management contribute to land degradation.
The degradation of land reduces its productivity, encouraging
growing populations to move on to new and poorer land,
converting forests and fragile, semiarid areas into low-
productivity cultivated areas.
Sustainable production methods, based on environmentally
sound practices, along with the development of more efficient
markets for farm inputs and outputs and off-farm activities,
are the keys to improving rural livelihoods and expanding the
global food supply.
Country
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Agriculture is the main user of land and water, but to remain viable,
it must also maintain the quality and quantity of these resources
Rank
Oman
Mauritius
Belgium
Netherlands
Ireland
New Zealand
France
United States
United Kingdom
Chile
Kilograms per
hectare
18,987
10,000
9,231
8,574
7,409
7,387
7,093
6,988
6,957
6,822
Countries with highest cereal yield, 2010
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Dominican
Republic
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Togo
Ghana
French Polynesia (Fr)
Bermuda
(UK)
Cayman Islands (UK)
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
The Bahamas
US Virgin
Islands (US)
Aruba
(Neth)
Greenland (Den)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
Cape Verde
St. Kitts and Nevis
Antigua and Barbuda
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
St. Lucia
Puerto
Rico (US)
Kiribati
Dominica
Grenada
Barbados
Channel Islands (UK)
Liechtenstein
Andorra
Guadeloupe (Fr)
Martinique (Fr)
Luxembourg
São Tomé and Príncipe
French Guiana
(Fr)
Isle of Man (UK)
The Gambia
Gibraltar (UK)
Monaco
Curaçao
(Neth)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
Western
Sahara
Latin America & Caribbean
36%
Middle East & North Africa
23%
agricultural land
agricultural land (% of land area),
2007−2009, most recent year available
15.0–29.9%
30.0–44.9%
45.0–59.9%
60.0% or more
less than 15.0%
no data
110
FAO Statistical Yearbook 2012
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the
United Nations—Statistics
International Fund for
Agricultural Development—
Water and Food Security
To meet the demand of a larger and more affluent population,
annual cereal production will have to grow from 2.1 billion tons to
3 billion tons by 2050.
Seventy percent of freshwater withdrawals are used for
irrigating crops.
Only 0.2 hectare of arable land is available per person, less than
half the amount 50 years ago.
Thirty percent of the Earth's land is used for growing crops and
pastureland; another 30 percent is covered by forests.
Facts Internet links
www.fao.org/docrep/015/
i2490e/i2490e00.htm
www.fao.org/corp/statistics/en/
www.ifad.org/english/water/
pub/water_food.pdf
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Togo
Cyprus
Qatar
Kuwait
Bahrain
Seychelles
Singapore
Brunei Darussalam
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Palau
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
Solomon Islands
American Samoa (US)
Samoa
Fiji
Timor-Leste
Vanuatu
Maldives
San
Marino
Malta
Israel
Guam (US)
Tonga
Tuvalu
Federated States of Micronesia
Kosovo
Réunion (Fr)
Mayotte
(Fr)
Mauritius
Lebanon
West Bank and Gaza
Comoros
Marshall Islands
Nauru
Sub-Saharan Africa
45%
Europe & Central Asia
28%
South Asia
55%
East Asia & Pacific
49%
111Environment
Irrigated lands are increasing, putting more
pressure on water resources
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization and World Bank estimates
Irrigated land
(million hectares)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Ea
st
A
si
a
&
Pa
ci
fic
Eu
ro
pe
&
C
en
tr
al
A
si
a
La
tin
A
m
er
ic
a
&
C
ar
ib
be
an
M
id
dl
e
Ea
st
&
N
or
th
A
fr
ic
a
So
ut
h
As
ia
Su
b-
Sa
ha
ra
n
Af
ri
ca
H
ig
h-
in
co
m
e
20
09
19
90
19
70
20
09
19
90
19
70
20
09
19
90
19
70
20
09
19
90
19
70
20
09
19
90
19
70 2
00
9
19
90
19
70
20
09
19
90
19
70
Ea
st
A
si
a
&
Pa
ci
fic
Eu
ro
pe
&
C
en
tr
al
A
si
a
La
tin
A
m
er
ic
a
&
C
ar
ib
be
an
M
id
dl
e
Ea
st
&
N
or
th
A
fr
ic
a
So
ut
h
As
ia
Su
b-
Sa
ha
ra
n
Af
ri
ca
H
ig
h-
in
co
m
e
Most freshwater in developing countries is used
for agriculture
Source: World Resources Institute; Food and Agriculture Organization’s
AQUASTAT database
Share of freshwater withdrawals (%), MRY 1999–2009
0
20
40
60
80
100
AgricultureaIndustryiDomesticd
a
i
d
a
i
d
a
i
d
a
i
d
a
d
i
a
i
d
a
i
d
South Asia and Middle East and North Africa
face severe water conditions
Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita
(1,000 cubic meters), 2009
Source: World Resources Institute; Food and Agriculture Organization’s
AQUASTAT database
Ea
st
A
si
a
&
Pa
ci
fic
Eu
ro
pe
&
C
en
tr
al
A
si
a
La
tin
A
m
er
ic
a
&
C
ar
ib
be
an
M
id
dl
e
Ea
st
&
N
or
th
A
fr
ic
a
So
ut
h
As
ia
Su
b-
Sa
ha
ra
n
Af
ri
ca
H
ig
h-
in
co
m
e
0
5
10
15
20
25
112
A thirsty planet
gets thirstier
Water is crucial to economic
growth and development—and
to the survival of terrestrial and
aquatic ecosystems. Demand
for water is increasing for food
production, industrial uses,
and human consumption.
Meanwhile, over 800 million
people lack convenient access
to safe drinking water.
With the projected growth in population
and economic activity, the share of the
world’s population facing water shortages
will increase more than fivefold by 2050.
Human needs for water in daily life compete
with demands from agriculture, energy
production, and other industrial uses.
Urbanization and changes in lifestyle have
led to higher per capita use. Climate change
is also expected to influence the availability
and distribution of freshwater supplies.
These trends pose a significant challenge
formeetingtheMillenniumDevelopment
Goals and sustaining the growth of
developing countries.
AlthoughtheEarth’swaterresources
are estimated at about 1.4 billion cubic
kilometers, only a fraction is available for
human needs. Freshwater makes up only
2.5 percent of total water resources, or
about 35 million cubic kilometers. Most
freshwater occurs in the form of permanent
ice or snow, locked up in Antarctica and
Greenland, or in deep groundwater aquifers.
The principal sources of water for human use
are lakes, rivers, soil moisture, and relatively
shallow groundwater basins. The usable
Increasing water scarcity increases the competition for water by different
sectors of the economy, and agriculture accounts for 70 percent of global
water withdrawal
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Source: World Health Organization and World Bank estimates
Europe &
Central Asia
Latin America &
Caribbean
Middle East &
North Africa
South Asia
Sub-Saharan
Africa
East Asia &
Pacific
High-income
People in rural areas are more likely to lack
access to improved water sources
People without access to improved
water (millions), 2010
Urban
Rural
Source: World Health Organization and World Bank estimates
Europe &
Central Asia
Latin America &
Caribbean
Middle East &
North Africa
South Asia
Sub-Saharan
Africa
East Asia &
Pacific
High-income
0 20 40 60 80 100
1990
2010
1990
2010
1990
2010
1990
2010
1990
2010
1990
2010
1990
2010
Despite progress, almost 40 percent of
the population of Sub-Saharan Africa
lacks access to an improved water source
Access to an improved water source (% of population)
113Environment
portion is less than 1 percent of all freshwater and only
0.03percentofallwateronEarth.Muchofthatislocated
far from human populations.
Humans compete with natural systems in the use of
freshwater.Extractionofwaterforhumanneedsdiminishes
the amount available to maintain the integrity of terrestrial
and marine ecosystems. The three major factors leading to
increased water demand over the past century have been
population growth, industrial development, and the expansion
of irrigated land in agriculture. Agriculture accounts for
more than 70 percent of freshwater withdrawals in the world
and 90 percent in low-income countries. Most of this water
is used for irrigation to provide about 40 percent of world
food production. Pollution of water bodies causes further
degradation of natural systems and reduces the supply fit
for human consumption.
Although domestic use of water for drinking and
washing is the smallest part of the demand for water—
usually less than 5 percent of the total—providing safe
water for human consumption is of great importance for
health and wellbeing. Water supplies should be free of
chemical and biological contaminants and delivered in such
a way that their cleanliness is protected. They should also be
regularly and conveniently available.
Country
Access to an improved
water source
(% of population)
Many people still lack access to a convenient and reliable water source
Somalia
Papua New Guinea
Ethiopia
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Madagascar
Mozambique
Niger
Afghanistan
Mauritania
Angola
29
40
44
45
46
47
49
50
50
51
Lowest access to clean water sources, 2010
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Dominican
Republic
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Togo
Ghana
Cape Verde
The Gambia
São Tomé and Príncipe
Cayman Islands (UK)
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
French Polynesia (Fr)
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
Aruba
(Neth)
Guadeloupe (Fr)
Martinique (Fr)
Barbados
Greenland (Den)
Luxembourg
Monaco
Andorra
French Guiana
(Fr)
Gibraltar (UK)
Liechtenstein
Isle of Man (UK)
Channel Islands (UK)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
Bermuda
(UK)
The Bahamas
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
US Virgin
Islands (US)
Antigua and Barbuda
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Grenada
Dominica
Kiribati
Curaçao
(Neth)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)Puerto
Rico (US)
Western
Sahara
Latin America & Caribbean
94%
Middle East & North Africa
89%
50–69%
70–89%
90–99%
100%
less than 50%
no data
access to water
share of population with access to
an improved water source, 2010
114
Between 1990 and 2000, world population increased from
1.6 billion to 6 billion while water withdrawals increased from
500 cubic kilometers to 3,830 cubic kilometers.
Latin America, with 32 percent, and East Asia, with 21 percent,
have more than half of the world’s freshwater resources.
By 2050, the world’s water will have to support the agricultural
systems to feed and create livelihoods for an additional
2.7 billion people.
South Asia uses 91 percent of total freshwater withdrawals for
agriculture.
UN Environment Programme
AQUASTAT, Food and
Agriculture Organization
www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/
main/index.stm
www.unep.org
World Resources Institute www.wri.org
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Benin
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Togo
Timor-Leste
Palau
West Bank and Gaza
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Marshall Islands
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Fiji
Samoa
Maldives
Mauritius
Comoros
Kuwait
Malta
Lebanon
Israel
Cyprus
Qatar
Réunion (Fr)
Mayotte
(Fr)
Guam (US)
Singapore
Tonga
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
American Samoa (US)
Solomon Islands
Nauru
Federated States of Micronesia
Brunei Darussalam
Seychelles
Bahrain
Kosovo
San
Marino
Sub-Saharan Africa
61%
Europe & Central Asia
96%
South Asia
90%
East Asia & Pacific
90%
115Environment
High-income
9,630
Latin America & Caribbean
9,460
Europe & Central Asia
8,784
Sub-Saharan Africa
6,605
East Asia & Pacific
4,698
South Asia
817
Middle East & North Africa
211
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization and World Bank estimates
Nearly 75 percent of all forest areas are in
developing economies
Regional forest coverage (1,000 sq. km), 2010
Source: United Nations Environment Programme;
World Conservation Monitoring Centre and World Bank estimates
High-income
5,127
Latin America &
Caribbean
4,118
Sub-Saharan Africa
2,846
East Asia & Pacific
2,404
Europe & Central Asia
1,765
Middle East & North Africa
336
South Asia
290
Among developing regions, Latin America and
the Caribbean and Sub-Saharan Africa have the
largest areas of protected land
Regional distribution of protected land area (1,000 sq. km), 2010
0
5
10
15
20
25
Ea
st
A
si
a
&
Pa
ci
fic
Eu
ro
pe
&
C
en
tr
al
A
si
a
La
tin
A
m
er
ic
a
&
C
ar
ib
be
an
M
id
dl
e
Ea
st
&
N
or
th
A
fr
ic
a
So
ut
h
As
ia
Su
b-
Sa
ha
ra
n
Af
ri
ca
H
ig
h-
in
co
m
e
Source: United Nations Environment Programme;
World Conservation Monitoring Centre and World Bank estimates
Protected areas conserve habitat for
plants and animals
Nationally protected terrestrial areas (% of total area), 2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Forests cover more than 31 percent of all land
worldwide
Forest coverage (% of land area)
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization and World Bank estimates
Ea
st
A
si
a
&
Pa
ci
fic
Eu
ro
pe
&
C
en
tr
al
A
si
a
La
tin
A
m
er
ic
a
&
C
ar
ib
be
an
M
id
dl
e
Ea
st
&
N
or
th
A
fr
ic
a
So
ut
h
As
ia
Su
b-
Sa
ha
ra
n
Af
ri
ca
H
ig
h-
in
co
m
e
19
90
20
10
19
90
20
10
19
90
20
10 19
90
20
10
19
90
20
10
19
90
20
10
19
90
20
10
116
Protecting forests
Forests contribute to the
livelihood of poor people and
nourish the natural systems on
which many more people depend.
More than 31 percent of the
world’s land area is forested,
which accounts for as much
as 90 percent of terrestrial
biodiversity. In most countries,
however, forests are shrinking.
Forest loss is taking a terrible toll on both
the natural and the economic resources of
many countries. Forests meet many people’s
basic, everyday needs, providing food, fuel,
building materials, and clean water. Forests
also provide essential public goods of global
value. They facilitate the hydrological and
nutrient cycles and act as carbon sinks,
reducing the accumulation of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere.
Deforestationisthemaincauseof
biodiversity loss. Biodiversity refers to the
variety of plants and animal species on
Earth,thegeneticvariabilitywithineach
species, and the variety of ecosystems in
Rainforest protected from destruction within
the Argentinian sector of Iguazú National Park
A bend in the Ganga River, India
117Environment
which they live. Tropical forests are particularly
rich in diversity of life. In addition, forest loss in
the tropics is responsible for 10 to 30 percent of
global greenhouse gas emissions.
Deforestationislargelydrivenbyhumanaction.
Because many services provided by forests are
not valued, forests are subject to destructive and
unsustainable exploitation that is not economically
or environmentally justified. Forests are cleared to
expand agricultural land or allow the exploitation of
minerals. Timber is used to provide fuel and raw
material for manufacturing and construction. In
many cases, a proper accounting would show that
forests are more valuable than these destructive
uses.
Global deforestation is proceeding at 13 million
hectares a year, but because of reforestation
in some regions, net forest losses will average
5 million hectares a year between 2000 and
2010. New incentives and careful regulation are
needed to stop deforestation. Forest areas may be
designated as protected areas to prevent illegal and
unsustainable exploitation. About 13 percent of the
world’s forest area is under protection, including
some lower-density forest areas. Generally, the
least well-protected forests are located in Africa.
Forest area
(1,000 sq. km)
Indonesia is among the top 10 countries with the largest forest area
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Russian Federation
Brazil
Canada
United States
China
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Australia
Indonesia
Sudan
India
8,091
5,195
3,101
3,040
2,069
1,541
1,493
944
699
684
Country
Countries with the largest forest area, 2010
Rank
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Dominican
Republic
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Dominica
US Virgin
Islands (US)
Antigua and Barbuda
Kiribati
Monaco
Luxembourg
Liechtenstein
Andorra
Isle of Man (UK)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
Greenland (Den)
São Tomé and Príncipe
Bermuda
(UK)
Cayman Islands (UK)
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
The Bahamas
Aruba
(Neth)
St. Kitts and Nevis
Barbados
Grenada
St. Martin (Fr)
Cape Verde
The Gambia
Guadeloupe (Fr)
Martinique (Fr)
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
St. Lucia
French Guiana
(Fr)
French Polynesia (Fr)
Puerto
Rico (US)
Channel Islands (UK)
Gibraltar (UK)
Curaçao
(Neth)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
Western
Sahara
decrease of 0.1–0.9%
no significant change
increase of 0.1–0.9%
increase of 1.0% or more
decrease of 1.0% or more
no data
forest lost and gained
average annual change in forest area,
between 2000 and 2010
118
International Union for
Conservation of Nature
Food and Agriculture
Organization—Forestry
www.fao.org
(click on Forestry)
www.iucn.org
Food and Agriculture
Organization’s
Global Forest Resources
Assessment 2010 database
www.fao.org/forestry/fra2010
Between 1990 and 2010, the world lost about 138 million
hectares of forest, almost 7 million hectares per year.
The forest area in Brazil decreased by more than 55 million
hectares, more than 40 percent of the world’s forest loss,
between 1990 and 2010.
China added an average of about 2.5 million hectares of forest
each year from 1990 to 2010.
At the global level, deforestation seems to be slowing:
the estimate of forest cover change indicates an annual loss of
5.3 million hectares during the years 2000 to 2010, compared
with 13.8 million hectares annually between 1990 and 2010.
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Benin
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Comoros
Mauritius
Timor-Leste
Brunei Darussalam
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Solomon Islands
American Samoa (US)
Guam (US)
Federated States of Micronesia
Marshall Islands
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Tonga
Samoa
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
Singapore
Seychelles
Maldives
Qatar
Malta
San
Marino
Palau
Fiji
Réunion (Fr)
Mayotte
(Fr)
West Bank and Gaza
Lebanon
Israel
Cyprus
Kuwait
Bahrain
Nauru
Kosovo
119Environment
Terrestrial and marine
protected areas (% of
total territorial area)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Venezuela, RB
Liechtenstein
Germany
Hong Kong SAR, China
Greenland
Ecuador
Nicaragua
Zambia
Botswana
Saudi Arabia
50
42
42
42
40
38
37
36
31
30
The Cara, one of the many species of fish found in the
Amazon region of Brazil near Manaus
Economy
Economies with the highest proportion of
protected terrestrial and marine areas, 2010
Rank
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Ghana
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Dominican
Republic
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
French Polynesia (Fr)
St. Kitts and Nevis
Barbados
Aruba
(Neth)
Grenada
Cape Verde
Channel Islands (UK)
The Gambia
Cayman Islands (UK)
The Bahamas
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
US Virgin
Islands (US)
Puerto
Rico (US)
Dominica
Antigua and Barbuda
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Bermuda
(UK)
Andorra
Guadeloupe (Fr)
Martinique (Fr)
French Guiana
(Fr)Kiribati
Greenland (Den)
Luxembourg
Liechtenstein
Monaco
São Tomé and Príncipe
Gibraltar (UK)
Isle of Man (UK)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
Curaçao
(Neth)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
Western
Sahara
Latin America & Caribbean
19.8%
Middle East & North Africa
4.0%
1.0–4.9%
5.0–9.9%
10.0–19.9%
20.0% or more
less than 1.0%
no data
protected areas
nationally protected terrestrial and marine areas
as a share of total land area, 2010
120
International Union for
Conservation of Nature
United Nations Environment
Programme World Conservation
Monitoring Centre
unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg/
Data.aspx
www.iucn.org
World Database on
Protected Areas
www.wdpa.org/Default.aspx
www.fao.org/forestry/fra2010
The world’s nationally protected areas were about 17 million
square kilometers or 12 percent of the total terrestrial area
in 2010.
Global marine protected areas were about 1.4 million square
kilometers or 10 percent of the world’s territorial waters up to
12 nautical miles in 2010.
There were 130,709 nationally and 27,188 internationally
designated marine and terrestrial protected areas in 2011.
About 10 percent, or about 400 million hectares, of the world’s
forest area has been declared protected.
Facts Internet links
Food and Agriculture
Organization’s
Global Forest Resources
Assessment 2010 database
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Benin
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
West Bank and Gaza
Lebanon
Bahrain
Seychelles
Mauritius
Federated States of Micronesia
Marshall Islands
Solomon Islands Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Fiji
Samoa
Guam (US)
Palau
Singapore
Qatar
Kuwait
Cyprus
Malta
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Mayotte
(Fr)
Réunion (Fr)
Israel
American Samoa (US)
Brunei Darussalam
N. Mariana Islands (US)
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
Nauru
Maldives
Comoros
San
Marino
Kosovo
Sub-Saharan Africa
12.4%
Europe & Central Asia
7.7%
South Asia
5.6%
East Asia & Pacific
13.3%
121Environment
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
5
10
15
20
20
08
19
90
20
08
19
90
20
08
19
90
20
08
19
90
20
081
99
0
20
08
19
90 20
08
19
90
20
081
99
0
Carbon dioxide emissions (billion metric tons)
Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) and World Bank estimates
United States Russian
Federation
China India
Carbon dioxide emissions per capita (metric tons)
Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) and World Bank estimates
United States Russian
Federation
China India
The four largest emitters account for about half of all carbon dioxide emissions produced in 2008, but average
emissions per person in China and India are still quite low
East Asia &
Pacific
Europe &
Central Asia
Latin America &
Caribbean
Middle East &
North Africa
South Asia Sub-Saharan
Africa
Low- & middle-
income
High-income
Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) and World Bank estimates
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
20
08
19
90
20
08
19
90
20
08
19
90
20
08
19
90 2
00
8
19
90
20
08
19
90
20
08
19
90
20
08
19
90
Carbon dioxide emissions are highest in high-income economies, and still growing
Carbon dioxide emissions per capita (metric tons)
122
Energy security and
climate change
World demand for energy is
surging. The share of energy
production from alternative sources
has increased slightly since 1990,
but fossil fuels supplied more than
80 percent of the world’s total
energy production in 2009. Fossil
fuels are the primary source of
carbon dioxide emissions, which,
along with the other greenhouse
gases, are believed to be the
principal cause of global climate
change. Producing the energy
needed for growth while mitigating
its effects on the world’s climate is
a global challenge for everyone.
Developingcountriescontainmorethan
five-sixths of the world’s population and
use more than half the world’s energy, and
their demand is growing faster than richer
countries’.Energyusearoundtheglobe
decreased by about 1 percent during the
recession from 2007 to 2008, but in fast-
growingEastAsiaandthePaciic,itgrew
by 5.3 percent.
As economies develop, technological
progress and a shift away from energy-
intensive activities help to increase energy
efficiency, but rising incomes and growing
populations increase the demand for energy.
As a result, between 1990 and 2009, worldwide
energy use increased by about 38 percent
while the population rose by only 29 percent.
The way energy is generated determines
its environmental consequences. The
extensive use of fossil fuels in recent decades
has boosted emissions of carbon dioxide,
Using solar energy to generate electricity has changed the lives of
hundreds of rural families
Nuclear
6%
Hydro
2%
Natural gas
21%
Crude oil
33%
Coal
27%
Combustible
renewable and
waste
10%
Other
1%
Source: International Energy Agency’s World Energy Balance database
Fossil fuels are the source of more than
80 percent of the world's energy supply
Global primary energy supply by sources, 2009
High-
income
Upper-middle-
income
Lower-middle-
income
Low-
income
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
Energy use (million kilotons of oil equivalent)
Source: International Energy Agency (IEA) and World Bank estimates
High-income economies use almost 50 percent
of the world’s energy, but developing countries’
demand is rising
123Environment
the principal greenhouse gas that traps heat in the
atmosphere. Burning coal releases twice as much carbon
dioxide as burning the equivalent amount of natural gas.
It is estimated that half the amount of carbon released each
year by human activities stays in the atmosphere, contributing
to climate change; half the remaining carbon is being
dissolved in the ocean and the other half is absorbed on land
by vegetation and soils. Clearing of forests has reduced their
ability to trap carbon dioxide.
The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has
increased by more than 30 percent since the beginning of
the industrial revolution. According to the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, the rate and duration of global
warming in the 20th century are unprecedented in the past
thousand years. The global average surface temperature has
increased by about 0.6 degrees Celsius since 1861, the year
instrument records became available, and the 1990s were
the warmest decade yet recorded. A recent study found that
average summer temperatures in the northern hemisphere
are now about 0.5–0.6 degrees Celsius warmer than during a
1950–1980 base period. An important change in recent years
is the emergence of extremely hot outliers. These hot
extremes,whichcoveredmuchlessthan1percentofEarth’s
surface during the base period, now typically cover about
10 percent of the land area. Warming is expected to continue,
with increases in the range of 1.4–5.8 degrees Celsius over
the next 100 years.
Global warming shrinks glaciers,
changes the frequency and intensity of
rainfall, shifts growing seasons, advances
the flowering of trees and emergence
of insects, and causes the sea level to
rise. The magnitude and effect of
climate change vary across regions, but
developing countries are likely to suffer
most because of their dependence on
climate-sensitive activities such as
agriculture and fishing. They also have
more limited capacity to respond to the
effects of climate change.
Water pipes at mini hydroelectric plant
China
United States
India
Russian Federation
Japan
Germany
France
Canada
Brazil
Korea, Rep.
2,257
2,163
676
647
472
319
256
254
240
229
CountryRank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Million metric
tons of oil
equivalent
Countries with highest energy consumption,
2009
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Dominican
Republic
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Ghana
Luxembourg
Guadeloupe (Fr)
Martinique (Fr)
French Guiana
(Fr)
French Polynesia (Fr)
Kiribati
Bermuda
(UK)
The Bahamas
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
Cayman Islands (UK)
Aruba
(Neth)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
US Virgin
Islands (US)
St. Kitts and Nevis
Antigua and Barbuda
Puerto
Rico (US)
Dominica
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the GrenadinesGrenada
Barbados
The Gambia
Cape Verde
Gibraltar (UK)
Monaco
Liechtenstein
Andorra
Isle of Man (UK)
Channel Islands (UK)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
São Tomé and Príncipe
Greenland (Den)
Curaçao
(Neth)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
Western
Sahara
2,500–4,999
1,000–2,499
500–999
less than 500
5,000 or more
no data
energy use
energy use per capita,
kilograms of oil equivalent, 2009
124
International Energy Agency www.iea.org
The World Bank Group
Energy Program
www.worldbank.org/energy
www.iea.org/publications/
worldenergyoutlook/resources
International Energy Agency’s
World Energy Outlook
In 2009, petroleum, coal, and natural gas were the top sources of
the world’s energy supply, accounting for 33, 26, and 21 percent,
respectively.
Renewable energy from nuclear, hydro, and solar sources constituted
less than 10 percent of the world’s energy consumption in 2009.
About 1.8 billion people in the world live without access to electricity.
In Sub-Saharan Africa, almost 68 percent of people live without
access to electricity.
Latin America and the Caribbean produces more than 55 percent
of its electricity from hydropower.
China, Brazil, Canada, the United States, and the Russian Federation
produce more than half of the world’s hydropower energy.
Sub-Saharan Africa still gets more than half of its energy from
traditional combustible renewable sources and waste.
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Benin
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Brunei Darussalam
Qatar
Kuwait
Bahrain
Réunion (Fr)
Mayotte
(Fr)
Israel
Singapore
Malta
Cyprus
Lebanon
San
Marino
Kosovo
West Bank and Gaza
Islands
Seychelles
Mauritius
Maldives
Comoros
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Guam (US)
Palau
Federated States of Micronesia
Timor-Leste
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
Vanuatu
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Samoa
Fiji
American Samoa (US)
Tuvalu
Nauru
Marshall Islands
125Environment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
China
India
United States
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Korea, Rep.
Indonesia
Saudi Arabia
Thailand
Brazil
Malaysia
4,571
1,052
582
311
265
256
219
190
184
152
Use of biomass energy increases health risks for many poor
people who depend on biomass energy from plant materials or
animal wastes for cooking and heating
CountryRank
Increase in carbon dioxide
emissions (million metric
tons of oil equivalent)
Greatest increase in emissions between
1990 and 2008
Uruguay
U n i t e d S t a t e s
United
Kingdom
Trinidad
and Tobago
Togo
Suriname
Spain
Sierra Leone
Senegal
R.B. de
Venezuela
Portugal
Peru
Paraguay
Panama
Nicaragua
The Netherlands
Morocco
Mexico
Mauritania
Mali
Liberia
Jamaica
Ireland
Iceland
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Fra nce
El Salvador
Ecuador
Dominican
Republic
Cuba
Côte
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
C a n a d a
Burkina Faso
B r a z i l
Bolivia
Benin
Belize
Argentina
Alg eria
Ghana
Aruba
(Neth)
Luxembourg
Cayman Islands (UK)
Greenland (Den)
Faeroe
Islands
(Den)
Andorra
Bermuda
(UK)
The Bahamas
Guadeloupe (Fr)
Martinique (Fr)
Barbados
Antigua and Barbuda
French Guiana
(Fr)
French Polynesia (Fr)
Turks and Caicos
Islands (UK)
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
Dominica
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Grenada
Kiribati
The Gambia
Cape Verde
São Tomé and Príncipe
Isle of Man (UK)
Channel Islands (UK)
Liechtenstein
Monaco
Gibraltar (UK)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
US Virgin
Islands (US)
Puerto
Rico (US)
Curaçao
(Neth)
Sint Maarten (Neth)
St. Martin (Fr)
Western
Sahara
Latin America & Caribbean
2.8 metric tons
Middle East & North Africa
3.8 metric tons
10.0–14.9 metric tons
5.0–9.9 metric tons
1.0–4.9 metric tons
less than 1.0 metric tons
15.0 metric tons or more
no data
carbon dioxide emissions per capita, 2008
greenhouse gases
126
National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA)
Carbon Dioxide Information
Analysis Center
U.S. Energy Information
Administration
www.eia.gov/
cdiac.ornl.gov
Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change
www.ipcc.ch
www.noaa.gov/
The IEA Greenhouse Gas
R&D Programme
www.ieaghg.org
Between 1990 and 2008, the world’s carbon dioxide energy-related
emissions rose by 36 percent to 30.2 billion metric tons. They are
projected to rise to 35.2 billion metric tons in 2020 and 43.2 billion
metric tons in 2035.
Developing countries emitted nearly half the world’s 32 billion
metric tons of total carbon dioxide emissions in 2008.
High-income economies emit more than four times as much
carbon dioxide per person as developing economies.
Carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere have increased
from 280 parts per million in preindustrial times to 390.4 in 2011
—an increase of more than 39 percent—and will likely reach
400 by 2016.
Carbon dioxide constitutes about 75 percent of global greenhouse
gas emissions.
Facts Internet links
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Uzbekistan
United Arab
Emirates
Ukraine
Uganda
TurkmenistanTurkey
Tunisia
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syrian
Arab Rep.
Switzerland
Sweden
Swaziland
Sri Lanka
South Africa
Somalia
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Serbia
Saudi Arabia
Rwanda
R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n
Romania
Rep. of
Yemen
Rep. of
Korea
Poland
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Mongolia
Moldova
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Lithuania
Libya
Lesotho
Latvia
Lao
P.D.R.
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Japan
Italy
Islamic Republic
of Iran
Iraq
Indonesia
India
Hungary
Greece
Germany
Georgia
Gabon
FYR Macedonia
Fra nce
Finland
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Denmark
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Dem. People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Croatia
C h i n a
Chad
Central
African
RepublicCameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Botswana
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bhutan
Benin
Belgium
Belarus
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
New Zealand
Armenia
Arab Rep.
of Egypt
Angola
Alg eria
Montenegro
Afghanistan
Albania
Sudan
South
Sudan
Rep. of
Congo
Qatar
Kuwait
Bahrain
Brunei Darussalam
Islands
Palau
New
Caledonia
(Fr)
Singapore
Seychelles
Mayotte
(Fr)
Réunion (Fr)
Israel
Cyprus
Malta
Maldives
Lebanon
Tonga
Fiji
Marshall Islands
Mauritius
West Bank and Gaza
Comoros Timor-Leste
Federated States of Micronesia
Vanuatu
Solomon Islands
Samoa
N. Mariana Islands (US)
Guam (US)
American Samoa (US)
Tuvalu
Nauru
San
Marino
Kosovo
Sub-Saharan Africa
0.8 metric tons
Europe & Central Asia
7.8 metric tons
East Asia & Pacific
4.3 metric tons
South Asia
1.2 metric tons
127Environment
128
Total population
millions
2011
Life expectancy at birth
years
2010
Under-5 mortality rate
per 1,000 live births
2011
Access to an improved
water source
% of population
2010
Gross national income (GNI)ª
$ billions
2011Economy
per capita $
2011
Afghanistan 35.32 48 101 50 14.3 410
Albania 3.22 77 14 95 12.8 3,980
Algeria 35.98 73 30 83 160.8 4,470
American Samoa 0.07 .. .. .. .. .. d
Andorra 0.09 .. 3 100 .. .. e
Angola 19.62 51 158 51 79.7 4,060
Antigua and Barbuda 0.09 .. 8 .. 1.1 12,060
Argentina 40.76 76 14 .. 397.2 9,740
Armenia 3.10 74 18 98 10.4 3,360
Aruba 0.11 75 .. 100 .. .. e
Australia 22.62 82 5 100 1,030.3 46,200
Austria 8.42 80 4 100 406.6 48,300
Azerbaijan 9.17 71 45 80 48.5 5,290
Bahamas, The 0.35 75 16 .. 7.5 21,970
Bahrain 1.32 75 10 .. 20.1 15,920
Bangladesh 150.49 69 46 81 116.4 770
Barbados 0.27 77 20 100 3.5 12,660
Belarus 9.47 70 6 100 55.3 5,830
Belgium 11.01 80 4 100 508.1 46,160
Belize 0.36 76 17 98 1.3 3,690
Benin 9.10 56 106 75 7.1 780
Bermuda 0.06 79 .. .. .. .. e
Bhutan 0.74 67 54 96 1.5 2,070
Bolivia 10.09 66 51 88 20.5 2,040
Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.75 75 8 99 18.0 4,780
Botswana 2.03 53 26 96 15.2 7,480
Brazil 196.66 73 16 98 2,107.6 10,720
Brunei Darussalam 0.41 78 7 .. 12.5 31,800
Bulgaria 7.48 74 12 100 48.9 6,550
Burkina Faso 16.97 55 146 79 9.7 570
Burundi 8.58 50 139 72 2.2 250
Cambodia 14.31 63 43 64 11.8 830
Cameroon 20.03 51 127 77 24.2 1,210
Canada 34.48 81 6 100 1,570.9 45,560
Cape Verde 0.50 74 21 88 1.8 3,540
Cayman Islands 0.06 .. .. 96 .. .. e
Central African Republic 4.49 48 164 67 2.1 470
Chad 11.53 49 169 51 8.0 690
Channel Islands 0.15 80 .. .. .. .. e
Chile 17.27 79 9 96 212.0 12,280
China 1,344.13 73 15 91 6,644.3 4,940
Hong Kong SAR, China 7.07 83 .. .. 248.7 35,160
Macao SAR, China 0.56 81 .. .. 24.7 45,460
Colombia 46.93 73 18 92 286.5 6,110
Comoros 0.75 61 79 95 0.6 770
Congo, Dem. Rep. 67.76 48 168 45 13.1 190
Congo, Rep. 4.14 57 99 71 9.4 2,270
Costa Rica 4.73 79 10 97 36.2 7,660
Côte d'Ivoire 20.15 55 115 80 22.1 1,100
Croatia 4.41 76 5 99 61.0 13,850
Cuba 11.25 79 6 94 .. .. d
Curaçao 0.15 .. .. .. .. .. e
Cyprus 1.12 79 3 100 23.7 f 29,450 f
Czech Republic 10.55 77 4 100 195.3 18,520
Denmark 5.57 79 4 100 336.6 60,390
Djibouti 0.91 58 90 88 1.1 1,270
Dominica 0.07 .. 12 .. 0.5 7,090
Dominican Republic 10.06 73 25 86 52.6 5,240
Ecuador 14.67 75 23 94 60.7 4,140
Egypt, Arab Rep. 82.54 73 21 99 214.7 2,600
El Salvador 6.23 72 15 88 21.7 3,480
Equatorial Guinea 0.72 51 118 .. 10.5 14,540
Eritrea 5.42 61 68 .. 2.3 430
Estonia 1.34 75 4 98 20.4 15,200
Ethiopia 84.73 59 77 44 33.8 400
Faeroe Islands 0.05 .. .. .. .. .. e
Fiji 0.87 69 16 98 3.2 3,680
Finland 5.39 80 3 100 260.8 48,420
France 65.44 81 4 100 2,775.7 42,420
French Polynesia 0.27 75 .. 100 .. .. e
Gabon 1.53 62 66 87 12.2 7,980
Gambia, The 1.78 58 101 89 1.1 610
Georgia 4.49 73 21 98 12.8 g 2,860 g
Germany 81.73 80 4 100 3,594.3 43,980
Ghana 24.97 64 78 86 35.1 1,410
Greece 11.30 80 4 100 283.0 25,030
Key indicators of development
129Statistics
Total debt service
% of exports of goods,
services and incomeb
2010
Merchandise trade
% of GDP
2010
Foreign direct investment
net inflows, % of GDP
2010
Starting a business
time required in days
June 2011
Mobile cellular
subscriptionsc
per 100 people
2011 Economy
Carbon dioxide emissions
per capita
metric tons
2008
.. 28 0.4 7 54 0.0 Afghanistan
11.1 52 9.4 5 96 1.3 Albania
1.0 60 1.4 25 99 3.2 Algeria
.. .. .. .. .. .. American Samoa
.. .. .. .. 75 6.5 Andorra
4.5 91 -3.9 68 48 1.4 Angola
.. 55 8.4 21 182 5.1 Antigua and Barbuda
16.7 34 1.6 26 135 4.8 Argentina
33.4 51 6.5 8 104 1.8 Armenia
.. .. .. .. 123 21.7 Aruba
.. 37 2.7 2 108 18.6 Australia
.. 83 3.3 28 155 8.1 Austria
1.4 63 2.3 8 109 5.4 Azerbaijan
.. 42 7.6 31 86 6.5 Bahamas, The
.. 103 0.7 9 128 21.4 Bahrain
4.7 47 0.7 19 56 0.3 Bangladesh
.. 49 16.3 .. 127 5.0 Barbados
4.6 109 7.2 5 112 6.5 Belarus
.. 172 18.0 4 117 9.8 Belgium
12.1 74 6.2 44 64 1.3 Belize
.. 52 1.7 29 85 0.5 Benin
.. 17 7.0 .. 136 6.1 Bermuda
.. 86 1.3 36 66 1.0 Bhutan
9.3 59 3.2 50 83 1.3 Bolivia
19.9 84 2.4 40 85 8.3 Bosnia and Herzegovina
1.5 69 1.8 61 143 2.5 Botswana
19.0 18 2.7 119 123 2.1 Brazil
.. 98 4.0 101 109 27.5 Brunei Darussalam
14.2 97 3.4 18 141 6.6 Bulgaria
.. 38 0.4 13 45 0.1 Burkina Faso
.. 30 0.0 14 14 0.0 Burundi
.. 111 7.0 85 70 0.3 Cambodia
3.6 39 0.0 15 52 0.3 Cameroon
.. 50 2.4 5 75 16.3 Canada
5.3 47 6.7 11 79 0.6 Cape Verde
.. .. .. .. 168 10.1 Cayman Islands
.. 24 3.6 21 25 0.1 Central African Republic
.. 71 9.1 66 32 0.0 Chad
.. .. .. .. .. .. Channel Islands
15.2 60 7.0 7 130 4.4 Chile
3.3 50 3.1 38 73 5.3 China
.. 376 34.1 3 210 5.5 Hong Kong SAR, China
.. 23 12.3 .. 243 2.6 Macao SAR, China
21.0 28 4.0 14 98 1.5 Colombia
.. 38 1.7 24 29 0.2 Comoros
3.8 75 22.4 65 23 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep.
.. 92 23.5 160 94 0.5 Congo, Rep.
7.7 63 5.1 60 92 1.8 Costa Rica
.. 79 1.8 32 86 0.4 Côte d'Ivoire
.. 52 2.3 7 116 5.3 Croatia
.. .. .. .. 12 2.8 Cuba
.. .. .. .. .. .. Curaçao
.. 43 1.0 8 98 7.9 Cyprus
.. 131 2.5 20 122 11.2 Czech Republic
.. 58 4.6 6 126 8.4 Denmark
7.5 .. .. 37 21 0.6 Djibouti
9.8 58 5.2 14 164 1.9 Dominica
11.0 42 3.2 19 87 2.2 Dominican Republic
9.4 66 0.3 56 105 1.9 Ecuador
6.0 36 2.9 7 101 2.7 Egypt, Arab Rep.
19.0 61 1.5 17 126 1.0 El Salvador
.. 112 4.8 137 59 7.3 Equatorial Guinea
.. 33 2.6 84 4 0.1 Eritrea
.. 127 0.8 7 139 13.6 Estonia
.. 36 1.0 9 17 0.1 Ethiopia
.. .. .. .. 122 14.6 Faeroe Islands
.. 71 6.2 45 84 1.5 Fiji
.. 58 0.0 14 166 10.6 Finland
.. 44 1.5 7 105 5.9 France
.. .. .. .. 81 3.4 French Polynesia
.. 94 1.3 58 117 1.7 Gabon
7.2 28 3.2 27 89 0.3 Gambia, The
18.1 57 6.8 2 102 1.2 Georgia
.. 72 1.1 15 132 9.6 Germany
3.4 58 7.9 12 85 0.4 Ghana
.. 28 0.6 10 106 8.7 Greece
130
Total population
millions
2011
Life expectancy at birth
years
2010
Under-5 mortality rate
per 1,000 live births
2011
Access to an improved
water source
% of population
2010
Gross national income (GNI)ª
$ billions
2011Economy
per capita $
2011
Greenland 0.06 .. .. 100 1.5 26,020
Grenada 0.10 76 13 .. 0.8 7,220
Guam 0.18 76 .. 100 .. .. e
Guatemala 14.76 71 30 92 42.4 2,870
Guinea 10.22 54 126 74 4.5 440
Guinea-Bissau 1.55 48 161 64 0.9 600
Guyana 0.76 70 36 94 2.2 2,900
Haiti 10.12 62 70 69 7.1 700
Honduras 7.75 73 21 87 15.3 1,970
Hungary 9.97 74 6 100 126.9 12,730
Iceland 0.32 81 3 100 11.2 35,020
India 1,241.49 65 61 92 1,746.5 1,410
Indonesia 242.33 69 32 82 712.7 2,940
Iran, Islamic Rep. 74.80 73 25 96 330.4 4,520
Iraq 32.96 68 38 79 87.0 2,640
Ireland 4.49 80 4 100 173.1 38,580
Isle of Man 0.08 .. .. .. .. .. e
Israel 7.77 82 4 100 224.7 28,930
Italy 60.77 82 4 100 2,147.0 35,330
Jamaica 2.71 73 18 93 13.5 4,980
Japan 127.82 83 3 100 5,774.4 45,180
Jordan 6.18 73 21 97 27.1 4,380
Kazakhstan 16.56 68 28 95 136.1 8,220
Kenya 41.61 56 73 59 34.2 820
Kiribati 0.10 .. 47 .. 0.2 2,110
Korea, Dem. Rep. 24.45 69 33 98 .. .. h
Korea, Rep. 49.78 81 5 98 1,039.0 20,870
Kosovo 1.79 70 .. .. 6.3 3,520
Kuwait 2.82 75 11 99 133.8 48,900
Kyrgyz Republic 5.51 69 31 90 5.1 920
Lao P.D.R. 6.29 67 42 67 7.1 1,130
Latvia 2.22 73 8 99 27.4 12,350
Lebanon 4.26 72 9 100 38.8 9,110
Lesotho 2.19 47 86 78 2.7 1,220
Liberia 4.13 56 78 73 1.0 240
Libya 6.42 75 16 .. 77.1 12,320
Liechtenstein 0.04 .. 2 .. 4.9 137,070
Lithuania 3.20 73 6 .. 39.3 12,280
Luxembourg 0.52 80 3 100 40.4 78,130
Macedonia, FYR 2.06 75 10 100 9.8 4,730
Madagascar 21.32 66 62 46 9.1 430
Malawi 15.38 53 83 83 5.2 340
Malaysia 28.86 74 7 100 243.1 8,420
Maldives 0.32 77 11 98 2.1 6,530
Mali 15.84 51 176 64 9.6 610
Malta 0.42 81 6 100 7.7 18,620
Marshall Islands 0.05 .. 26 94 0.2 3,910
Mauritania 3.54 58 112 50 3.5 1,000
Mauritius 1.29 73 15 99 10.6 8,240
Mexico 114.79 77 16 96 1,060.2 9,240
Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 0.11 69 42 .. 0.3 2,900
Moldova 3.56 69 16 96 7.1 i 1,980 i
Monaco 0.04 .. 4 100 6.5 183,150
Mongolia 2.80 68 31 82 6.5 2,320
Montenegro 0.63 74 7 98 4.5 7,060
Morocco 32.27 72 33 83 97.6 j 2,970 j
Mozambique 23.93 50 103 47 11.2 470
Myanmar 48.34 65 62 83 .. .. h
Namibia 2.32 62 42 93 10.9 4,700
Nepal 30.49 68 48 89 16.6 540
Netherlands 16.70 81 4 100 830.2 49,730
New Caledonia 0.25 76 .. .. .. .. e
New Zealand 4.41 81 6 100 128.2 29,350
Nicaragua 5.87 74 26 85 6.8 1,170
Niger 16.07 54 125 49 5.8 360
Nigeria 162.47 51 124 58 195.3 1,200
Northern Mariana Islands 0.06 .. .. 98 .. .. e
Norway 4.95 81 3 100 440.2 88,890
Oman 2.85 73 9 89 53.6 19,260
Pakistan 176.75 65 72 92 197.6 1,120
Palau 0.02 .. 19 85 0.1 7,250
Panama 3.57 76 20 .. 28.3 7,910
Papua New Guinea 7.01 62 58 40 10.4 1,480
Paraguay 6.57 72 22 86 19.5 2,970
Peru 29.40 74 18 85 161.7 5,500
Philippines 94.85 68 25 92 209.4 2,210
Poland 38.22 76 6 .. 477.0 12,480
Portugal 10.64 79 3 99 226.0 21,250
Puerto Rico 3.71 79 .. .. 61.6 16,560
131Statistics
Total debt service
% of exports of goods,
services and incomeb
2010
Merchandise trade
% of GDP
2010
Foreign direct investment
net inflows, % of GDP
2010
Starting a business
time required in days
June 2011
Mobile cellular
subscriptionsc
per 100 people
2011 Economy
Carbon dioxide emissions
per capita
metric tons
2008
.. .. .. .. 103 10.2 Greenland
14.3 40 7.7 15 117 2.4 Grenada
.. .. .. .. .. .. Guam
14.3 54 2.2 37 140 0.9 Guatemala
5.6 50 2.1 40 44 0.1 Guinea
.. 41 1.1 9 26 0.2 Guinea-Bissau
.. 101 11.9 26 69 2.0 Guyana
15.7 56 2.3 105 41 0.3 Haiti
7.6 93 5.9 14 104 1.2 Honduras
.. 143 17.1 4 117 5.4 Hungary
.. 68 7.2 5 106 7.0 Iceland
5.6 34 1.4 29 72 1.5 India
16.6 41 2.1 45 98 1.7 Indonesia
.. .. .. 8 75 7.4 Iran, Islamic Rep.
.. 117 1.8 77 78 3.4 Iraq
.. 86 6.4 13 108 9.9 Ireland
.. .. .. .. .. .. Isle of Man
.. 55 4.7 34 122 5.2 Israel
.. 46 1.5 6 152 7.4 Italy
27.9 47 1.6 7 108 4.5 Jamaica
.. 27 0.0 23 103 9.5 Japan
4.9 85 6.4 12 118 3.7 Jordan
71.4 60 6.9 19 143 15.1 Kazakhstan
4.4 54 0.6 33 65 0.3 Kenya
.. 73 2.4 31 14 0.3 Kiribati
.. .. .. .. 4 3.2 Korea, Dem. Rep.
.. 88 0.4 7 109 10.4 Korea, Rep.
1.6 .. 8.5 58 .. .. Kosovo
.. 72 0.1 32 161 30.1 Kuwait
21.9 104 6.6 10 105 1.2 Kyrgyz Republic
.. 47 3.9 93 87 0.3 Lao P.D.R.
76.4 88 5.5 16 103 3.3 Latvia
19.1 60 11.0 9 79 4.1 Lebanon
1.9 139 5.4 40 48 .. Lesotho
1.3 94 45.8 6 49 0.2 Liberia
.. .. .. .. 156 9.5 Libya
.. .. .. .. 102 .. Liechtenstein
34.3 122 2.9 22 151 4.5 Lithuania
.. 82 542.9 19 148 21.5 Luxembourg
15.2 96 4.0 3 109 5.8 Macedonia, FYR
2.6 43 9.9 8 38 0.1 Madagascar
.. 59 2.8 39 25 0.1 Malawi
5.2 153 3.9 6 127 7.6 Malaysia
21.3 62 7.9 9 166 3.0 Maldives
2.5 55 1.6 8 68 0.0 Mali
.. 82 12.2 .. 125 6.2 Malta
.. 90 5.3 17 7 1.9 Marshall Islands
.. 107 0.4 19 93 0.6 Mauritania
2.4 68 4.4 6 99 3.1 Mauritius
9.8 59 1.7 9 82 4.3 Mexico
.. 61 3.4 16 25 0.6 Micronesia, Fed. Sts.
12.8 94 3.9 9 105 1.3 Moldova
.. .. .. .. 86 .. Monaco
5.0 100 23.5 13 105 4.1 Mongolia
5.9 65 18.5 10 185 3.1 Montenegro
10.7 58 2.5 12 113 1.5 Morocco
2.9 84 8.6 13 33 0.1 Mozambique
.. .. .. .. 3 0.3 Myanmar
.. 85 7.1 66 105 1.8 Namibia
10.5 38 0.5 29 44 0.1 Nepal
.. 141 1.9 8 115 10.6 Netherlands
.. .. .. .. 89 12.9 New Caledonia
.. 44 0.5 1 109 7.8 New Zealand
14.3 91 13.3 39 82 0.8 Nicaragua
.. 57 17.5 17 27 0.1 Niger
0.4 64 3.1 34 59 0.6 Nigeria
.. .. .. .. .. .. Northern Mariana Islands
.. 50 2.8 7 117 10.5 Norway
.. 98 1.1 8 169 17.3 Oman
15.2 34 1.1 21 62 1.0 Pakistan
.. 74 1.4 28 75 10.5 Palau
5.7 37 8.8 8 204 2.0 Panama
12.9 100 0.3 51 34 0.3 Papua New Guinea
4.6 80 2.1 35 99 0.7 Paraguay
16.7 43 4.8 26 110 1.4 Peru
18.4 55 0.6 35 92 0.9 Philippines
.. 70 2.8 32 128 8.3 Poland
.. 55 4.3 5 115 5.3 Portugal
.. .. .. 6 83 .. Puerto Rico
132
Total population
millions
2011
Life expectancy at birth
years
2010
Under-5 mortality rate
per 1,000 live births
2011
Access to an improved
water source
% of population
2010
Gross national income (GNI)ª
$ billions
2011Economy
per capita $
2011
Qatar 1.87 78 8 100 150.4 80,440
Romania 21.39 73 13 .. 169.2 7,910
Russian Federation 141.93 69 12 97 1,476.1 10,400
Rwanda 10.94 55 54 65 6.2 570
Samoa 0.18 72 19 96 0.6 3,190
San Marino 0.03 83 2 .. .. .. e
São Tomé and Principe 0.17 64 89 89 0.2 1,360
Saudi Arabia 28.08 74 9 .. 500.5 17,820
Senegal 12.77 59 65 72 13.7 1,070
Serbia 7.26 74 7 99 41.2 5,680
Seychelles 0.09 73 14 .. 1.0 11,130
Sierra Leone 6.00 47 185 55 2.1 340
Singapore 5.18 82 3 100 222.6 42,930
Sint Maarten (Dutch part) 0.04 .. .. .. .. .. e
Slovak Republic 5.44 75 8 100 87.4 16,070
Slovenia 2.05 79 3 99 48.5 23,610
Solomon Islands 0.55 67 22 .. 0.6 1,110
Somalia 9.56 51 180 29 .. .. h
South Africa 50.59 52 47 91 352.0 6,960
South Sudan 10.31 .. 121 .. .. .. k
Spain 46.24 82 4 100 1,432.8 30,990
Sri Lanka 20.87 75 12 91 53.8 2,580
St. Kitts and Nevis 0.05 .. 7 99 0.7 12,480
St. Lucia 0.18 74 16 96 1.2 6,680
St. Martin (French part) 0.03 .. .. .. .. .. e
St. Vincent and the
Grenadines 0.11 72 21 .. 0.7 6,100
Sudan 34.32 61 86 58 56.7 l 1,300 l
Suriname 0.53 70 30 92 4.0 7,640
Swaziland 1.07 48 104 71 3.5 3,300
Sweden 9.45 81 3 100 503.2 53,230
Switzerland 7.91 82 4 100 603.9 76,380
Syrian Arab Republic 20.82 76 15 90 56.3 2,750
Tajikistan 6.98 67 63 64 6.1 870
Tanzania 46.22 57 68 53 24.3 m 540 m
Thailand 69.52 74 12 96 307.1 4,420
Timor-Leste 1.18 62 54 69 3.1 2,730
Togo 6.15 57 110 61 3.4 560
Tonga 0.10 72 15 100 0.4 3,580
Trinidad and Tobago 1.35 70 28 94 20.2 15,040
Tunisia 10.67 75 16 .. 43.4 4,070
Turkey 73.64 74 15 100 766.4 10,410
Turkmenistan 5.11 65 53 .. 21.0 4,110
Turks and Caicos Islands 0.04 .. .. 100 .. .. e
Tuvalu 0.01 .. 30 98 0.0 5,010
Uganda 34.51 54 90 72 17.5 510
Ukraine 45.71 70 10 98 142.8 3,120
United Arab Emirates 7.89 77 7 100 321.7 40,760
United Kingdom 62.64 80 5 100 2,366.5 37,780
United States 311.59 78 8 99 15,097.1 48,450
Uruguay 3.37 76 10 100 40.0 11,860
Uzbekistan 29.34 68 49 87 44.2 1,510
Vanuatu 0.25 71 13 90 0.7 2,870
Venezuela, R.B. 29.28 74 15 .. 349.1 11,920
Vietnam 87.84 75 22 95 110.9 1,260
Virgin Islands (U.S.) 0.11 79 .. .. .. .. e
West Bank and Gaza 4.02 73 22 85 .. .. k
Yemen, Rep. 24.80 65 77 55 26.4 1,070
Zambia 13.47 48 83 61 15.6 1,160
Zimbabwe 12.75 50 67 80 8.1 640
World 6,973.74 s 70 w 52 w 88 w 66,185.0 t 9,491 w
Low-income 816.81 59 95 65 463.0 567
Middle-income 5,021.92 69 47 90 20,717.3 4,125
Lower-middle-income 2,532.83 66 63 87 4,457.7 1,760
Upper-middle-income 2,489.10 73 20 93 16,253.0 6,530
Low- & middle- income 5,838.73 68 57 86 21,203.3 3,631
East Asia & Pacific 1,974.22 72 21 90 8,376.8 4,243
Europe & Central Asia 407.56 71 21 96 3,101.4 7,610
Latin America &
Caribbean 589.02 74 19 94 5,032.8 8,544
Middle East &
North Africa 336.63 72 32 89 1,280.6 3,869
South Asia 1,656.46 65 62 90 2,151.1 1,299
Sub-Saharan Africa 874.84 54 108 61 1,098.1 1,255
High-income 1,135.00 80 6 100 45,153.9 39,783
Euro area 332.99 81 4 100 12,844.3 38,573
See page 142 for explanation of symbols.
Note: Figures in italics are for years other than those specified.
a. Calculated using World Bank Atlas method.
b. Exports include workers’ remittances.
c. Data are from the International Telecommunication Union’s (ITU) World Telecommunication/
ICT Indicators database. Please cite ITU for third-party use of these data.
d. Estimated to be upper-middle-income ($4,036 to $12,475).
e. Estimated to be high-income ($12,476 or more).
133Statistics
Total debt service
% of exports of goods,
services and incomeb
2010
Merchandise trade
% of GDP
2010
Foreign direct investment
net inflows, % of GDP
2010
Starting a business
time required in days
June 2011
Mobile cellular
subscriptionsc
per 100 people
2011 Economy
Carbon dioxide emissions
per capita
metric tons
2008
.. 67 4.3 12 123 49.1 Qatar
31.2 69 1.5 14 109 4.4 Romania
12.8 44 2.8 30 179 12.0 Russian Federation
2.3 31 0.8 3 41 0.1 Rwanda
5.2 62 0.1 9 91 0.9 Samoa
.. .. .. .. 112 .. San Marino
6.5 61 12.3 10 68 0.8 São Tomé and Principe
.. 77 2.8 5 191 16.6 Saudi Arabia
.. 54 1.8 5 73 0.4 Senegal
30.9 69 6.0 13 125 6.8 Serbia
5.7 109 17.4 39 146 7.8 Seychelles
2.6 58 4.5 12 36 0.2 Sierra Leone
.. 311 18.1 3 149 6.7 Singapore
.. .. .. .. .. .. Sint Maarten (Dutch part)
.. 151 0.6 18 109 6.9 Slovak Republic
.. 127 2.2 6 107 8.5 Slovenia
5.9 93 35.1 43 50 0.4 Solomon Islands
.. .. .. .. 7 0.1 Somalia
4.9 48 1.4 19 127 8.9 South Africa
.. .. .. .. .. .. South Sudan
.. 40 1.7 28 114 7.2 Spain
13.0 44 1.0 35 87 0.6 Sri Lanka
23.2 51 17.9 19 153 4.9 St. Kitts and Nevis
7.1 59 9.2 15 123 2.3 St. Lucia
.. .. .. .. .. .. St. Martin (French part)
St. Vincent and the
16.4 62 15.3 10 121 1.8 Grenadines
4.2 32 3.1 36 56 0.3 Sudan
.. 81 -5.9 694 179 4.7 Suriname
.. 88 3.7 56 64 1.1 Swaziland
.. 66 2.3 15 119 5.3 Sweden
.. 70 0.4 18 130 5.3 Switzerland
.. 51 2.5 13 63 3.6 Syrian Arab Republic
44.8 73 0.3 24 91 0.5 Tajikistan
3.0 50 1.9 29 56 0.2 Tanzania
4.8 118 3.0 29 113 4.2 Thailand
.. 36 32.0 103 53 0.2 Timor-Leste
.. 74 1.3 84 50 0.2 Togo
9.1 50 4.5 16 53 1.7 Tonga
.. 82 2.6 43 136 37.4 Trinidad and Tobago
10.4 87 3.2 11 117 2.4 Tunisia
36.7 41 2.1 6 89 4.0 Turkey
.. 60 10.4 .. 69 9.7 Turkmenistan
.. .. .. .. .. 4.4 Turks and Caicos Islands
.. 52 4.8 .. 22 .. Tuvalu
1.8 36 4.7 34 48 0.1 Uganda
40.7 82 4.4 24 123 7.0 Ukraine
.. 128 1.3 13 149 25.0 United Arab Emirates
.. 43 2.2 13 131 8.5 United Kingdom
.. 22 1.5 6 106 18.0 United States
12.4 39 4.1 7 141 2.5 Uruguay
.. 51 2.1 14 92 4.6 Uzbekistan
1.7 48 5.6 35 119 0.4 Vanuatu
8.8 27 1.7 141 98 6.1 Venezuela, R.B.
1.7 148 7.5 44 143 1.5 Vietnam
.. .. .. .. .. .. Virgin Islands (U.S.)
.. .. .. 49 46 0.5 West Bank and Gaza
2.8 59 0.2 12 47 1.0 Yemen, Rep.
1.9 77 10.3 18 61 0.2 Zambia
.. 84 1.4 90 72 0.7 Zimbabwe
.. w 48 w 2.6 w 31 u 86 w 4.8 w World
4.8 52 3.1 33 41 0.3 Low-income
9.9 48 2.6 36 86 3.4 Middle-income
10.1 47 2.2 33 79 1.5 Lower-middle-income
9.9 48 2.7 40 92 5.3 Upper-middle-income
9.8 48 2.6 35 79 3.0 Low- & middle-income
4.8 57 3.1 39 80 4.3 East Asia & Pacific
24.2 52 3.1 16 132 7.8 Europe & Central Asia
Latin America &
13.8 35 2.4 58 107 2.8 Caribbean
Middle East &
5.1 61 2.7 23 89 3.8 North Africa
6.4 34 1.4 23 69 1.2 South Asia
3.3 58 2.3 34 53 0.8 Sub-Saharan Africa
.. 48 2.6 17 117 11.9 High-income
.. 66 4.7 12 126 8.0 Euro area
f. Data are for the area controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus.
g. Data excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
h. Estimated to be low-income ($1,025 or less).
i. Data excludes Transnistria.
j. Data includes Former Spanish Sahara.
k. Estimated to be lower-middle-income ($1,026 to $4,035).
l. Data includes South Sudan.
m. Data refer to mainland Tanzania only.
134
Rank
Rank
Economy
Economy
Atlas
methodology
$
Atlas
methodology
$
Purchasing
power parity
international $
Purchasing
power parity
international $
PPP
rank
PPP
rank
1 Monaco 183,150 a .. ..
2 Liechtenstein 137,070 a .. ..
3 Bermuda .. a .. ..
4 Norway 88,890 62,970 6
5 Qatar 80,440 87,030 3
6 Luxembourg 78,130 64,410 5
7 Switzerland 76,380 52,320 12
8 Isle of Man .. a .. ..
9 Denmark 60,390 42,300 22
10 Channel Islands .. a .. ..
11 Sweden 53,230 42,200 23
12 Cayman Islands .. a .. ..
13 Faeroe Islands .. a .. ..
14 Netherlands 49,730 43,260 21
15 Kuwait 48,900 a 53,820 a 10
16 United States 48,450 48,890 16
17 Finland 48,420 38,500 32
18 Austria 48,300 42,080 24
19 Australia 46,200 a 36,410 a 33
20 Macao SAR, China 45,462 a 57,060 a 8
21 Belgium 46,160 39,270 31
22 Canada 45,560 39,730 30
23 Japan 45,180 35,530 36
25 Germany 43,980 39,970 27
27 Singapore 42,930 59,790 7
28 France 42,420 35,650 35
29 United Arab Emirates 40,760 48,220 b 17
32 Ireland 38,580 33,230 37
34 United Kingdom 37,780 35,940 34
35 Greenland 26,020 a .. ..
36 Italy 35,330 32,710 38
37 Hong Kong SAR, China 35,160 51,490 13
38 Iceland 35,020 30,760 43
39 Brunei Darussalam 31,800 a 49,790 a 14
40 Spain 30,990 31,660 39
41 Cyprus 29,450 a,c 30,910 a,c 42
42 New Zealand 29,350 a 28,970 a 46
43 Israel 28,930 27,120 51
46 Greece 25,030 26,090 54
47 Slovenia 23,610 26,960 52
48 Bahamas, The 21,970 a 29,850 a,b 45
51 Portugal 21,250 24,480 59
53 Korea, Rep. 20,870 30,340 44
55 Oman 19,260 a 25,770 a 53
56 Malta 18,620 a 24,170 a 58
57 Czech Republic 18,520 24,280 60
58 Saudi Arabia 17,820 24,870 57
59 Puerto Rico 16,560 a .. ..
60 Bahrain 15,920 a 21,240 a 64
61 Slovak Republic 16,070 22,230 63
62 Estonia 15,200 20,830 65
63 Trinidad and Tobago 15,040 24,940 b 56
64 Equatorial Guinea 14,540 24,110 61
65 Croatia 13,850 19,330 71
66 Barbados 12,660 a 18,850 a,b 72
67 Hungary 12,730 20,260 67
69 Poland 12,480 20,480 66
69 St. Kitts and Nevis 12,480 14,490 b 87
71 Latvia 12,350 17,820 73
72 Chile 12,280 16,330 76
72 Lithuania 12,280 19,690 70
74 Antigua and Barbuda 12,060 15,670 b 77
75 Venezuela, RB 11,920 12,620 92
76 Uruguay 11,860 14,740 83
77 Seychelles 11,130 25,320 b 55
78 Brazil 10,720 11,500 98
80 Turkey 10,410 17,340 74
81 Russian Federation 10,400 19,940 69
82 Argentina 9,740 17,250 75
83 Mexico 9,240 15,060 81
84 Lebanon 9,110 14,000 88
85 Malaysia 8,420 15,190 78
86 Mauritius 8,240 14,760 82
87 Kazakhstan 8,220 11,310 100
88 Gabon 7,980 13,650 91
89 Panama 7,910 14,740 b 83
89 Romania 7,910 15,140 80
91 Suriname 7,640 a 7,710 a,b 120
92 Costa Rica 7,660 11,950 b 95
93 Botswana 7,480 14,560 85
94 Palau 7,250 12,330 b 94
95 Grenada 7,220 10,530 b 103
96 Dominica 7,090 12,460 b 93
97 Montenegro 7,060 13,720 90
98 Libya 12,320 a 16,750 a,b 107
99 South Africa 6,960 10,790 101
100 St. Lucia 6,680 9,080 b 111
101 Bulgaria 6,550 13,980 89
102 Maldives 6,530 8,540 114
103 Colombia 6,110 9,640 106
104 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 6,100 10,560 b 102
105 Belarus 5,830 14,560 85
107 Serbia 5,680 11,640 97
108 Peru 5,500 10,160 104
109 Azerbaijan 5,290 9,020 112
110 Dominican Republic 5,240 9,490 b 108
111 Iran, Islamic Rep. 4,520 a 11,400 a 96
112 Tuvalu 5,010 .. ..
113 Jamaica 4,980 7,770 b 121
114 China 4,940 8,450 115
115 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4,780 9,200 109
116 Macedonia, FYR 4,730 11,490 99
117 Namibia 4,700 6,600 125
118 Algeria 4,470 8,370 b 117
119 Thailand 4,420 8,390 116
120 Jordan 4,380 5,970 131
121 Ecuador 4,140 8,310 119
122 Turkmenistan 4,110 8,350 b 118
123 Tunisia 4,070 9,090 110
124 Angola 4,060 5,290 137
125 Albania 3,980 8,900 113
126 Marshall Islands 3,910 .. ..
127 Belize 3,690 6,070 b 129
128 Fiji 3,680 4,590 144
129 Tonga 3,580 4,690 b 143
130 Cape Verde 3,540 4,000 150
131 Kosovo 3,520 .. ..
132 El Salvador 3,480 6,690 b 124
133 Armenia 3,360 6,140 127
134 Swaziland 3,300 5,970 131
135 Samoa 3,190 4,430 b 147
136 Ukraine 3,120 7,080 123
Ranking of economies
by GNI per capita
135Statistics
Rank RankEconomy Economy
Atlas
methodology
$
Atlas
methodology
$
Purchasing
power parity
international $
Purchasing
power parity
international $
PPP
rank
PPP
rank
137 Morocco 2,970 d 4,910 d 141
137 Paraguay 2,970 5,310 136
139 Guyana 2,900 a 3,460 a,b 157
140 Indonesia 2,940 4,530 145
141 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 2,900 3,610 b 156
142 Guatemala 2,870 4,800 b 142
142 Vanuatu 2,870 4,500 b 146
144 Georgia 2,860 e 5,390 e 135
145 Syrian Arab Republic 2,750 a 5,090 a 139
146 Timor-Leste 2,730 a 5,210 a,b 137
147 Iraq 2,640 3,770 153
148 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2,600 6,160 126
149 Sri Lanka 2,580 5,560 133
150 Mongolia 2,320 4,360 148
151 Congo, Rep. 2,270 3,280 160
152 Philippines 2,210 4,160 149
153 Kiribati 2,110 3,480 b 158
154 Bhutan 2,070 5,480 134
156 Bolivia 2,040 4,920 140
157 Moldova 1,980 f 3,670 f 154
158 Honduras 1,970 3,840 b 151
159 Uzbekistan 1,510 3,440 b 159
160 Papua New Guinea 1,480 2,590 b 165
161 Ghana 1,410 1,820 181
161 India 1,410 3,620 155
163 Djibouti 1,270 a 2,450 a 166
164 São Tomé and Principe 1,360 2,080 175
165 Sudan 1,300 a,g 2,020 a,g 178
166 Vietnam 1,260 3,260 161
167 Lesotho 1,220 2,070 176
168 Cameroon 1,210 2,360 168
170 Nigeria 1,200 2,300 171
171 Nicaragua 1,170 2,840 b 163
172 Zambia 1,160 1,490 188
173 Lao P.D.R. 1,130 2,600 164
174 Pakistan 1,120 2,880 162
175 Solomon Islands 1,110 2,360 b 168
176 Côte d’Ivoire 1,100 1,730 183
177 Senegal 1,070 1,960 179
177 Yemen, Rep. 1,070 2,180 174
179 Mauritania 1,000 2,410 167
180 Kyrgyz Republic 920 2,290 172
181 Tajikistan 870 2,310 170
182 Cambodia 830 2,260 173
183 Kenya 820 1,720 184
184 Benin 780 1,630 186
185 Bangladesh 770 1,940 180
185 Comoros 770 1,120 198
188 Haiti 700 1,190 196
189 Chad 690 1,370 189
190 Zimbabwe 640 .. ..
191 Gambia, The 610 2,060 177
191 Mali 610 1,050 201
193 Guinea-Bissau 600 1,250 194
194 Burkina Faso 570 1,310 192
194 Rwanda 570 1,240 195
196 Togo 560 1,030 203
197 Tanzania 540 h 1,510 h 187
199 Uganda 510 1,320 191
200 Nepal 540 1,260 193
201 Central African Republic 470 810 208
201 Mozambique 470 980 204
203 Guinea 440 1,050 201
204 Eritrea 430 580 b 211
204 Madagascar 430 950 205
206 Afghanistan 410 a 1,060 a,b 200
207 Ethiopia 400 1,110 199
208 Niger 360 720 209
209 Malawi 340 870 206
209 Sierra Leone 340 850 207
211 Burundi 250 610 210
212 Liberia 240 520 212
213 Congo, Dem. Rep. 190 350 214
Note: Rankings include all 214 World Bank Atlas economies
presented in the key indicators table, but only those with confirmed
GNI per capita estimates or those that rank among the top twenty
for the Atlas method are shown in rank order.
Estimated ranges for economies that do not have confirmed
World Bank Atlas GNI per capita figures are :
High-income ($12,476 or more):
Andorra
Aruba
Curaçao
French Polynesia
Guam
New Caledonia
Northern Mariana Islands
San Marino
Sint Maarten (Dutch part)
St. Martin (French part)
Turks and Caicos Islands
Virgin Islands (U.S.)
Upper-middle-income ($4,036 to $12,475)
American Samoa
Cuba
Lower-middle-income ($1,026 to $4,035)
South Sudan
West Bank and Gaza
Low-income ($1,025 or less)
Korea, Dem. Rep.
Myanmar
Somalia
.. Not available. Figures in italics are for 2010 or 2009.
a. 2011 data not available; ranking is approximate.
b. Estimate is based on regression; other PPP figures are
extrapolated from the 2005 International Comparison
Program benchmark estimates.
c. Data are for the area controlled by the government of the
Republic of Cyprus.
d. Data include Former Spanish Sahara.
e. Data exclude Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
f. Data exclude Transnistria.
g. Data include South Sudan.
h. Data refer to mainland Tanzania only.
136
Adjusted net saving Net national saving plus education
expenditure minus energy depletion, mineral depletion,
net forest depletion, and carbon dioxide and particle
emissions damage. (World Bank)
Adolescent fertility rate The number of births per 1,000
women ages 15–19. (UN Population Division)
Agricultural land Permanent pastures, arable land, and
land under permanent crops. Permanent pasture is
land used for five or more years for forage, including
natural and cultivated crops. Arable land includes land
defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops
(double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary
meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market
or kitchen gardens, and land that is temporarily fallow.
Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is
excluded. Land under permanent crops is land cultivated
with crops that occupy the land for long periods and
need not be replanted after each harvest, such as cocoa,
coffee, and rubber. Land under flowering shrubs, fruit
trees, nut trees, and vines is included, but land under
trees grown for wood or timber is not. (FAO)
Agricultural products Commodities classified in SITC
revision 2 sections 0,1, 2, excluding 27 and 28, and 4.
Agricultural support, total The value of gross transfers
from taxpayers and consumers arising from policy
measures, net of associated budgetary receipts,
regardless of their objectives and impacts on farm
production and income or production of farm
products. (OECD)
Aid, net Aid flows classified as official development
assistance, net of repayments. (OECD DAC)
Aid, untied Bilateral official development assistance
commitment not subject to restrictions by donors on
procurement sources. (OECD)
Antiretroviral therapy coverage The percentage of adults
and children with advanced HIV infection currently
receiving antiretroviral therapy according to nationally
approved treatment protocols (or WHO/UNAIDS
standards) among the estimated number of people
with advanced HIV infection. (WHO)
Bilateral ODA commitments Firm obligations,
expressed in writing and backed by the necessary
funds, undertaken by official bilateral donors to
provide specified assistance to a recipient country or
a multilateral organization. Bilateral commitments
are recorded in the full amount of expected transfer,
irrespective of the time required for completing
disbursements. (OECD DAC)
Birth at health facility Percentage of live births in the
years preceding the survey that took place at a health
facility. (Household Surveys)
Births attended by skilled health staff The proportion
of deliveries attended by personnel trained to give
the necessary supervision, care, and advice to women
during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period,
to conduct deliveries on their own and to care for
newborns. (Household Surveys)
Bonds Securities issued with a fixed rate of interest for
a period of more than one year. They include net flows
through cross-border public and publicly guaranteed
and private nonguaranteed bond issues. (World Bank)
Business, time to start up The time, in calendar days,
needed to complete all the procedures required to
legally operate a business. If a procedure can be
speeded up at additional cost, the fastest procedure,
regardless of cost, is chosen. Time spent gathering
information about the registration process is excluded.
(World Bank)
Carbon dioxide emissions Emissions from the burning of
fossil fuels (including the consumption of solid, liquid,
and gas fuels and gas flaring) and the manufacture of
cement. (CDIAC)
Cereal production Cereals generally of the gramineous
family harvested for dry grain only. (FAO)
Cereal yield The production of wheat, rice, maize, barley,
oats, rye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, and mixed grains,
measured in kilograms per hectare of harvested land.
Refers to crops harvested for dry grain only. Cereal
crops harvested for hay or harvested green for food,
feed, or silage, and those used for grazing are excluded.
The FAO allocates production data to the calendar year
in which the bulk of the harvest took place. Most of a
crop harvested near the end of the year will be used in
the following year. (FAO)
Child labor Children ages 7–14 who are involved in
economic activity for at least one hour in the reference
week of the survey. (UCW)
Child labor, Agriculture Children ages 7–14 who are
involved in economic activity in the agricultural sector.
Agriculture corresponds to division 1 (ISIC revision 2),
categories A and B (ISIC revision 3), or category A
(ISIC revision 4) and includes agriculture and hunting,
forestry and logging, and fishing. (UCW)
Child labor, Manufacturing Children ages 7–14 who are
involved in economic activity in the manufacturing
sector. Manufacturing corresponds to division 3 (ISIC
revision 2), category D (ISIC revision 3), or category C
(ISIC revision 4). (UCW)
Child labor, Service Children ages 7–14 who are involved
in economic activity in the service sector. Services
correspond to divisions 6–9 (ISIC revision 2), categories
G–P (ISIC revision 3) or categories Q–U (ISIC revision
4) and include wholesale and retail trade, hotels and
restaurants, transport, financial intermediation, real
estate, public administration, education, health and
social work, other community services, and private
household activity. (UCW)
Definitions, sources,
notes, and abbreviations
137Statistics
Child labor, paid workers Children ages 7–14 who are
involved in economic activity and hold the type of jobs
defined as “paid employment jobs.” (UCW)
Child labor, self-employed workers Children ages
7–14 who are involved in economic activity and hold
the type of jobs defined as a “self-employment jobs,”
working on their own account or with one or a few
partners. (UCW)
Child labor, unpaid family workers Children ages
7–14 who are involved in economic activity and work
without pay in a market-oriented establishment or
activity operated by a related person living in the
same household. (UCW)
Children out of school, primary school-age children
The number of children of primary school age who
are not enrolled in primary or secondary school.
(UNESCO Institute for Statistics)
Commercial bank and other lending Net flows of
commercial bank lending (public and publicly
guaranteed and private nonguaranteed) and other
private credits. (World Bank)
Contraceptive prevalence rate The percentage of women
married or in-union ages 15–49 who are practicing,
or whose sexual partners are practicing, any form of
contraception. (Household Surveys)
Corruption is the abuse of public office for private gain
and is an outcome of poor governance, reflecting the
breakdown of accountability. (World Bank)
Debt, private nonguaranteed The long-term external
obligations of private debtors that are not guaranteed
for repayment by a public entity. (World Bank)
Debt, public and publicly guaranteed The long-term
external obligations of public debtors, including the
national governments and political subdivisions (or
an agency of either) and autonomous public bodies,
and the external obligations of private debtors that are
guaranteed for repayment by a public entity. (World Bank)
Debt, short term All debt having an original maturity of
one year or less and interest in arrears on long-term
debt. (World Bank)
Debt, total external Debt owed to nonresidents repayable
in foreign currency, goods, or services. It is the sum of
public, publicly guaranteed, and private nonguaranteed
long-term debt, use of International Monetary Fund
credit, and short-term debt. (World Bank)
Debt service, public The sum of principal repayments
and interest actually paid in foreign currency, goods, or
services for long-term public and publicly guaranteed
debt and repayments (repurchases and charges) to the
International Monetary Fund. (World Bank)
Debt service, total The sum of principal repayments and
interest actually paid in foreign currency, goods, or
services on long-term debt, interest paid on short-term
debt, and repayments (repurchases and charges) to the
International Monetary Fund. (World Bank)
Deforestation The permanent conversion of natural
forest area to other uses, including shifting cultivation,
permanent agriculture, ranching, settlements, and
infrastructure development. Deforested areas do not
include areas logged but intended for regeneration or
areas degraded by fuelwood gathering, acid precipitation,
or forest fires. Negative numbers indicate an increase in
forest area. (FAO)
Education, primary The level of education that provides
children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics
skills along with an elementary understanding of such
subjects as history, geography, natural science, social
science, art, and music. (UNESCO Institute for Statistics)
Education, secondary The level of education that
completes the provision of basic education aimed
at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and
human development by offering more subject- or skill-
oriented instruction using more specialized teachers.
(UNESCO Institute for Statistics)
Education, tertiary The level of education leading to
an advanced research qualification that normally
requires, as a minimum condition of admission, the
successful completion of education at the secondary
level. (UNESCO Institute for Statistics)
Energy and minerals rents The product of unit resource
rents and the physical quantities extracted. Energy
covers coal, crude oil, and natural gas; minerals include
bauxite, copper, gold, iron, lead, nickel, phosphate,
silver, tin, and zinc. (World Bank)
Energy use The use of primary energy before
transformation to other end-use fuels, which equals
indigenous production plus imports and stock changes,
minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft
engaged in international transport. (IEA)
Enrollment rate, gross The ratio of children who are
enrolled in an education level, regardless of age, to the
population of the corresponding official school age, as
defined by the International Standard Classification of
Education 1997 (ISCED97). (UNESCO Institute for Statistics)
Enrollment rate, net The ratio of children of official school
age who are enrolled in school, to the population of
the corresponding official school age, as defined by the
International Standard Classification of Education 1997
(ISCED97). (UNESCO Institute for Statistics)
Exchange rate, official The exchange rate (local currency
units relative to the U.S. dollar) determined by national
authorities or the rate determined in the legally
sanctioned exchange market. It is calculated as an
annual average based on monthly averages. (IMF)
Exports of goods, services, and income International
transactions involving a change in ownership of
general merchandise, goods sent for processing
and repairs, nonmonetary gold, services, receipts of
employee compensation for nonresident workers,
and investment income. (IMF)
138
Exports to developing economies outside region
The sum of merchandise exports from the reporting
economy to other developing economies in other
World Bank regions as a percentage of total
merchandise exports by the economy. (World Bank)
Exports to developing economies within region
The sum of merchandise exports from the reporting
economy to other developing economies in the
same World Bank region as a percentage of total
merchandise exports by the economy. (World Bank)
Exports to high-income economies The sum of
merchandise exports from the reporting economy
to high-income economies as a percentage of total
merchandise exports by the economy. (World Bank)
Female-to-male enrollments in secondary schools
The ratio of female-to-male gross enrollment rates
in secondary schools. (UNESCO Institute for Statistics)
Fertility rate, total The number of children that would
be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of
her childbearing years and bear children in accordance
with the age-specific fertility rates of the specific year.
(World Bank)
Financing from abroad (obtained from nonresidents)
and domestic financing (obtained from residents)
The means by which a government provides financial
resources to cover a budget deficit or allocates financial
resources arising from a budget surplus. Includes all
government liabilities—other than those for currency
issues or demand, time, or savings deposits with
government—or claims on others held by government,
and changes in government holdings of cash and
deposits. Excludes government guarantees of the
debt of others. (IMF)
Food price index Includes the average of six commodity
group price indexes of meat, dairy, cereals, oil and
fats, and sugar. These commodities are weighted with
the average export shares of each of the groups for
2002–2004. (FAO)
Food production index Covers food crops that are
considered edible and that contain nutrients. (FAO)
Foreign direct investment, net inflows Net inflows
of investment to acquire a lasting interest in or a
management control over (10 percent or more of
voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy
other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity
capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term
capital, and short-term capital as shown in the
balance of payments. (IMF)
Forest area Land under natural or planted stands of trees
of at least 5 meters in height in situ, whether productive
or not, excluding trees stands in agriculture production
systems (for example, in fruit plantations and agroforestry
systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens. (FAO)
Freshwater resources, internal renewable resources
Average annual flows of river and groundwater from
rainfall. (FAO)
Freshwater withdrawals, annual Total water withdrawals,
not counting evaporation losses from storage basins but
including water from desalination plants in countries
where they are a significant source. Withdrawals also
include water from desalination sources. Withdrawals
for agriculture and industry are total withdrawals
for irrigation and livestock production and for direct
industrial use (including for cooling thermoelectric
plants). Withdrawals for domestic uses include drinking
water, municipal use or supply, and use for public
services, commercial establishments, and homes. (FAO)
Gross capital formation (commonly called investment)
Outlays on additions to the fixed assets of the economy,
net of changes in the level of inventories, and net
acquisitions of valuables. Fixed assets include land
improvements (such as fences, ditches, and drains);
plant, machinery, and equipment purchases; and
the construction of roads, railways, and dwellings.
(World Bank, OECD, UN)
Gross domestic product (GDP) The sum of gross value
added by all resident producers in the economy plus
any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the
value of the products. It is calculated using purchaser
prices and without deductions for the depreciation of
fabricated assets or for the depletion and degradation
of natural resources. (World Bank)
Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita Gross domestic
product divided by midyear population. (World Bank)
Gross national income (GNI) Gross domestic product
plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of
employees and property income) from abroad. Data are
converted to dollars using the World Bank Atlas method.
(World Bank)
Gross national income (GNI) per capita Gross national
income divided by midyear population. (World Bank)
Gross national income (GNI), PPP Gross national income
converted to international dollars using purchasing
power parity rates. An international dollar has the same
purchasing power over GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the
United States. (World Bank)
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative
A program of official creditors designed to relieve
the poorest, most heavily indebted countries of their
debt to certain multilateral creditors, including the
World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
(World Bank)
High-income economies Those with a gross national
income (GNI) per capita of $12,476 or more in 2011.
(World Bank)
HIV, adult prevalence of The proportion of people ages
15–49 who are infected with HIV. (UNAIDS)
Households reporting adult women and men as
the usual person collecting water Proportion of
households reporting adult women and men as
the usual person collecting water. (Nistha Sinha, 2010,
“Infrastructure, Gender Differences, and Impacts: The Evidence”)
139Statistics
Immunization rate, measles, child Percentage of children
ages 12–23 months who received a vaccination for
measles before 12 months of age or at any time before
the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized
against measles after receiving one dose of the vaccine.
(WHO and UNICEF)
Individuals using the Internet Refers to the percentage
of individuals who have used the Internet (from any
location) in the past 12 months. The Internet can be
used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital
assistant, games machine, digital TV, etc. (ITU)
Industry The output of the industrial sector corresponding
to International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC)
divisions 2–5 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories
C–F (ISIC revision 3). (ILO)
Interest payments Payments of interest on debt—
including long-term bonds, long-term loans, and
other debt instruments—to both domestic and
foreign residents. (World Bank)
International migrant, stock The number of people
born in a country other than that in which they live;
this includes refugees. (UN Population Division)
Irrigated land Areas purposely provided with water,
including land irrigated by controlled flooding. (FAO)
Labor force participation rate The proportion of the
population ages 15 and older that is economically
active: all people who supply labor for the production
of goods and services during a specified period. (ILO)
Land area A country’s total area, excluding area under
inland water bodies and national claims to the
continental shelf and to exclusive economic zones.
In most cases, definitions of inland water bodies
includes major rivers and lakes. (FAO)
Land under cereal production Refers to harvested areas,
although some countries report only sown or cultivated
areas. (FAO)
Life expectancy at birth The number of years a newborn
infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at
the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout
its life. (World Bank)
Lifetime risk of maternal death The probability that a
15-year-old female will die eventually from a maternal
cause, if throughout her lifetime she experiences the
maternal death risk and overall fertility and mortality
rates of the specified year for a given population. (WHO,
UNICEF, UNFPA, and World Bank)
Low-income economies Those with a gross national income
(GNI) per capita of $1,025 or less in 2011. (World Bank)
Malnutrition, underweight children, prevalence of
The percentage of children under 5 whose weight for
age is more than two standard deviations below the
median for the international reference population ages
0–59 months. The data are based on the international
child growth standards for infants and young children,
Child Growth Standards, released in 2006 by the World
Health Organization. (WHO)
Manufactured products Commodities classified in SITC
revision 2 sections 5–8 excluding division 68.
Manufacturing The output of industries corresponding
to International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC)
divisions 15–37.
Merchandise trade The sum of merchandise exports and
imports measured in current U.S. dollars. Also referred
to as trade in goods. (WTO)
Middle-income economies Those with a gross national
income (GNI) per capita of $1,026 or more but less
than $12,476 in 2011. (World Bank)
Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions Subscriptions
to a public mobile telephone service using cellular
technology, which provides access to the public switched
telephone network. Post-paid and pre-paid subscriptions
are included. (ITU)
Mortality rate, infant The number of infants dying before
reaching one year of age, per 1,000 live births in a given
year. (UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation)
Mortality rate, under-5 The probability that a newborn
baby will die before reaching age 5, if subject to the
age-specific mortality rates of the specified year.
The probability is expressed as a rate per 1,000.
(UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation)
Mortality ratio, maternal The number of women who
die from pregnancy-related causes while pregnant or
within 42 days of pregnancy termination, per 100,000
live births. The data shown are modeled estimates based
on an exercise by the World Health Organization, the
United Nations Children’s Fund, the United Nations
Population Fund, and the World Bank. (WHO, UNICEF,
UNFPA, and World Bank)
Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) An initiative
that further reduces the debt of heavily indebted poor
countries and provides resources for meeting the
Millennium Development Goals. Under the MDRI,
the International Development Association, the
International Monetary Fund, the African Development
Fund, and the Inter-American Development Bank
provide 100 percent debt relief on eligible debts due
to them from countries that completed the HIPC
Initiative process. (World Bank)
Nationally protected terrestrial and marine areas
Totally or partially protected areas of at least 1,000
hectares that are designated as national parks, natural
monuments, nature reserves or wildlife sanctuaries,
protected landscapes or seascapes, or scientific reserves
with limited public access. The terrestrial protected
areas exclude marine areas, unclassified areas, littoral
(intertidal) areas, and sites protected under local or
provincial law. Marine protected areas (territorial waters
up to 12 nautical miles) are areas of intertidal or subtidal
terrain (and overlying water and associated flora and
fauna and historical and cultural features) that have
been reserved to protect part of or the entire enclosed
environment. (UNEP/WCMC)
140
Net migration The total number of immigrants less the
total number of emigrants, including both citizens and
noncitizens. Data are five-year estimates. (UN Population
Division)
Number of people receiving antiretroviral therapy
The number of adults and children with advanced
HIV infection currently receiving antiretroviral therapy
according to nationally approved treatment protocols
(or WHO/UNAIDS standards). (WHO)
Official development assistance (ODA) Disbursement of
loans made on concessional terms (net of repayments)
and grants by official agencies of the members of
the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), by
multilateral institutions, and by non-DAC countries
to promote economic development and welfare
in countries and territories in the DAC list of ODA
recipients. (OECD DAC)
Overqualification rate The share of people working in
jobs or occupations for which their skills are too high.
Education and job qualification levels are grouped
into three categories: low, intermediate, and high.
An overqualified individual is one who holds a job
that requires lesser qualifications than one that would
theoretically be available at his or her education level.
Overqualification rates are calculated for individuals
with an intermediate or higher education. (OECD)
Particulate matter concentration Fine suspended
particulates less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10)
that are capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory
tract and causing significant health damage. Data are
urban-population-weighted PM10 levels in residential
areas of cities with more than 100,000 residents. The
estimates represent the average annual exposure level
of the average urban resident to outdoor particulate
matter. (World Bank)
Percent of repeaters, primary The number of students
enrolled in the same grade as in the previous year as a
percentage of all students enrolled in primary school.
(UNESCO Institute for Statistics)
Population, average annual growth rate The exponential
rate of change in population for the period indicated.
(World Bank)
Population, rural Calculated as the difference between
the total population and the urban population.
(UN Population Division, World Bank)
Population, total Midyear population that includes all
residents regardless of legal status or citizenship—
except for refugees not permanently settled in the
country of asylum, who are generally considered part
of the population of their country of origin. (World Bank)
Population, urban The midyear population of areas
defined as urban in each country and reported to the
United Nations. (UN Population Division, World Bank)
Population ages 0–14 The percentage of total population
whose ages are between 0 and 14. (UN Population Division)
Population ages 15–64 The percentage of total
population whose ages are between 15 and 64.
(UN Population Division)
Population ages 65+ The percentage of total population
whose ages are 65 and older. (UN Population Division)
Population below $1 a day The proportion of the
population living on less than $1.08 a day at 1993
purchasing power parity prices. (World Bank)
Population below $2 a day The proportion of the
population living on less than $2.15 a day at 1993
purchasing power parity prices. (World Bank)
Population density Midyear population divided by
land area in square kilometers. (World Bank)
Portfolio equity flow Net inflows from equity securities
other than those recorded as direct investment,
including shares, stocks, depository receipts, and
direct purchases of shares in local stock markets by
foreign investors. (World Bank)
Pregnant women receiving prenatal care The proportion
of women attended to at least once during pregnancy
by skilled health personnel for reasons related to
pregnancy. (Household Surveys)
Primary completion rate The proportion of students
completing the last year of primary school, calculated
by taking the total number of students in the last grade
of primary school, minus the number of repeaters in
that grade, divided by the total number of children of
official graduation age. (UNESCO Institute for Statistics)
Private participation in infrastructure Investment
commitments in infrastructure projects in
telecommunications, energy, transport, and water and
sanitation with private participation that have reached
financial closure and directly or indirectly serve the
public. All investment (public and private) in projects
in which a private company assumes the operating
risk is included. (World Bank)
Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)
Internationally comparable assessment, coordinated
by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD), that measures the knowledge
and skills of 15-year-olds. The assessment tests reading,
mathematical, and scientific literacy in terms of general
competencies. (OECD)
Public sector management and institutions A proxy
measure of governance that includes assessments of
property rights and rule-based governance; quality of
budgetary and financial management; efficiency of
revenue mobilization; quality of public administration;
and transparency, accountability, and corruption in the
public sector. (World Bank)
Purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factor
The number of units of a country’s currency required
to buy the same amount of goods and services in the
domestic market as a U.S. dollar would buy in the
United States. (World Bank)
141Statistics
Ratio of female-to-male hourly wage The ratio of the
female hourly wage to male hourly wage. (Household Surveys)
Refugees People recognized as refugees under the
1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
or its 1967 Protocol; the 1969 Organization of African
Unity Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of
Refugee Problems in Africa; people recognized as
refugees in accordance with the UNHCR statute;
people granted a refugee-like humanitarian status;
and people provided with temporary protection.
Palestinian refugees are people (and their descendants)
whose residence was Palestine between June 1946 and
May 1948 and who lost their homes and means of
livelihood as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict.
(UNHCR and UNRWA)
Renewable internal freshwater resources Average
annual flows of rivers and groundwater from rainfall
in the country. Natural incoming flows originating
outside a country’s borders are excluded. Overlapping
water resources between surface runoff and
groundwater recharge are also deducted.
(FAO’s AQUASTAT)
Sanitation, access to an improved facility The share of
the urban population with access to at least adequate
excreta disposal facilities (private or shared but not
public) that can effectively prevent human, animal, and
insect contact with excreta. Improved facilities range
from simple but protected pit latrines to flush toilets
with a sewage connection. (WHO/UNICEF)
Services Corresponds to International Standard Industrial
Classification (ISIC) divisions 6–9 (ISIC revision 2) or
tabulation categories G–P (ISIC revision 3). (ILO)
Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring
Educational Quality (SACMEQ) A regional network
consisting of 15 Ministries of Education in Southern
and Eastern Africa. It measures student performance
on reading and mathematics. (SACMEQ)
Tariff, simple mean The unweighted average of the
effectively applied rates for all products subject to
tariffs. (World Bank, UNCTAD, WTO)
Textiles Commodities classified in SITC revision 2
divisions 26, 65 and 84.
Time spent fetching water Minutes per day that people
spent fetching water (Nistha Sinha, 2010, “Infrastructure,
Gender Differences, and Impacts: The Evidence”)
Trade The two-way flow of exports and imports of goods
(merchandise trade) and services (service trade). (IMF)
Trade in services The sum of services exports and
imports. (IMF)
Treated bednets, use of The proportion of children ages
0–59 months who slept under an insecticide-impregnated
bednet the night before the survey. (UNICEF)
Tuberculosis, incidence of The number of new and
relapse cases of tuberculosis (all types) including
patients with HIV per 100,000 people. (WHO)
Unofficial payments to public officials The percentage of
firms expected to make unofficial or informal payments to
public officials to “get things done” with regard to customs,
taxes, licenses, regulations, and services. (World Bank)
Value added The net output of an industry after adding
up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs.
The industrial origin of value added is determined by
the International Standard Industrial Classification
(ISIC) revision 3.
Water source, access to an improved The share of the
population with reasonable access to an adequate
amount of water from an improved source, such as
a household connection, public standpipe, borehole,
protected well or spring, or rainwater collection.
Unimproved sources include vendors, tanker trucks,
and unprotected wells and springs. Reasonable access
is defined as the availability of at least 20 liters a person
per day from a source within one kilometer of the
dwelling. (WHO and UNICEF)
Women in parliament The percentage of parliamentary
seats in a single or lower chamber occupied by women.
(IPU)
Workers’ remittances and compensation of employees,
received and paid Current transfers by migrant workers
and wages and salaries earned by nonresident workers.
(World Bank and IMF)
World Bank Atlas method A conversion factor to convert
national currency units to U.S. dollars at prevailing
exchange rates, adjusted for inflation and averaged
over three years. The purpose is to reduce the effect
of exchange rate fluctuations in the cross-country
comparison of national incomes. (World Bank)
Data sources
The indicators presented in this Atlas are compiled by international
agencies and by public and private organizations, usually on the basis
of survey data or administrative statistics obtained from national
governments. The principal source of each indicator is given in
parentheses following the definition.
The World Bank publishes these and many other statistical series in
the World Development Indicators, available in print, CD-ROM, and
online. Excerpts from this Atlas, additional information about sources,
definitions, and statistical methods, and suggestions for further reading
are available at data.worldbank.org.
142
Data notes and symbols
The data in this book are for the most recent year, unless otherwise noted.
•Growthratesareproportionalchangesfromthepreviousyear.
•Regionalaggregatesincludedataforlow-andmiddle-incomeeconomiesonly.
•Figuresinitalicsindicatedataforyearsorperiodsotherthanthosespeciied.
Dataareshownforeconomieswithpopulationsgreaterthan30,000,orlessiftheyaremembersoftheWorldBank.
The term country(usedinterchangeablywitheconomy)doesnotimplypoliticalindependenceoroficialrecognitionby
theWorldBank,butreferstoanyeconomyforwhichtheauthoritiesreportseparatesocialoreconomicstatistics.
Theregionalgroupingsofcountriesincludeonlylow-andmiddle-incomeeconomies.Fortheincomegroups,every
economyisclassiiedaslow-income,middle-income,orhigh-income.
•Low-income economiesarethosewithagrossnationalincome(GNI)percapitaof$1,025orlessin2011.
•Middle-income economiesarethosewithaGNIpercapitaof$1,026ormorebutlessthan$12,476.
•Lower-middle-income economies and upper-middle-income economiesareseparatedataGNIpercapitaof$4,035.
•High-income economiesarethosewithaGNIpercapitaof$12,476ormore.
Symbols used in the data table
..meansthatdataarenotavailableorthataggregatescannotbecalculatedbecauseofmissingdata.
0 or 0.0 means zero or less than half the unit shown.
$ means current U.S. dollars.
Themethodsusedtocalculateregionalandincomegroupaggregatesaredenotedby:
m (median), s(simpletotal),t(totalincludingestimatesformissingdata),u(unweightedaverage),andw(weightedaverage).
Abbreviations
CDIAC CarbonDioxideInformationAnalysisCenter PPI PrivateParticipationinInfrastructure
CPIA CountryPolicyandInstitutionalAssessment PPP PurchasingPowerParity
DAC DevelopmentAssistanceCommitteeofthe UCW UnderstandingChildren’sWork
OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationand UN UnitedNations
Development UNAIDS JointUnitedNationsProgrammeonHIV/AIDS
DHS DemographicandHealthSurveys UNDP UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme
FAO FoodandAgricultureOrganizationofthe UNEP UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme
UnitedNations UNESCO UnitedNationsEducational,Scientiicand
FDI ForeignDirectInvestment CulturalOrganization
GDP GrossDomesticProduct UNFPA UnitedNationsPopulationFund
GNI GrossNationalIncome UNHCR TheOficeoftheUnitedNations
HIPC HeavilyIndebtedPoorCountries HighCommissionerforRefugees
ICT InformationandCommunicationsTechnology UNICEF UnitedNationsChildren’sFund
IDA InternationalDevelopmentAssociation UNIFEM UnitedNationsDevelopmentFundforWomen
IEA InternationalEnergyAgency UNPD UnitedNationsPopulationDivision
ILO InternationalLabourOrganization UNSD UnitedNationsStatisticsDivision
IMF InternationalMonetaryFund UNRWA UnitedNationsReliefandWorksAgencyfor
IPU Inter-ParliamentaryUnion PalestineRefugeesintheNearEast
ITU InternationalTelecommunicationUnion WCMC WorldConservationMonitoringCentre
MDGs MillenniumDevelopmentGoals WDI WorldDevelopmentIndicators
MDRI MultilateralDebtReliefInitiative WHO WorldHealthOrganization
ODA OficialDevelopmentAssistance WRI WorldResourcesInstitute
OECD OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationand WTO WorldTradeOrganization
Development
For more information
•World Development Indicators (WDI)istheWorldBank’spremiercompilationofdataaboutdevelopment.
This AtlascomplementstheWorld Development Indicatorsbyprovidingageographicalviewofpertinentdata.
The World Development Indicatorsisavailableatdata.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators
• International Debt Statistics (IDS) (formerly Global Development Finance)istheWorldBank’scomprehensivecompilationof
dataonexternaldebtandinanciallows.Itisavailableatdata.worldbank.org/data-catalog/international-debt-statistics
•African Development Indicators,theWorldBank’smostdetailedcollectionofdataonAfrica,isavailableinonevolumeat
www.worldbank.org/adi
• TheMillennium Development Goals (MDG)andthedataandindicatorsrequiredtotrackprogresstowardthemare
availableatwww.developmentgoals.org
• TheMDG databaseisavailableatmdgs.un.org
• ThePARIS21 Consortiumandinformationabouthowitpromotesevidence-basedpolicymakingandmonitoringare
availableatwww.paris21.org
• TheStatistical Capacity Building Program,whichofferstoolsandadviceforstatisticalcapacitybuildingindeveloping
countries,canbeaccessedatwww.worldbank.org/data/bbsc
• TheInternational Comparison Program (ICP)andinformationabouttheICPandtheinalresultsfromthe2005round
canbefoundatwww.worldbank.org/data/icp
•United Nations datacanbeaccessedatunstats.un.org/unsd/databases.htm
143Index
Index
Note:Pagenumbersinboldrefertomaps;pagenumbersinitalics refer to information
presentedingraphsandtables.
abortion59,61
accountability70,73
adjustednetsaving(ANS)24–5,24–5,
26–7, 26–7
AfricanDevelopmentFund101
agriculture66–7,67–9, 68–9
andchildlabor38,41
anddeforestation117
andenvironmentaldegradation109
intensivemethods109
andinternationaltrade85,85
productivity108
sustainability109
andtradebarriers85,85
andwatersupplies112–3,112, 115
aid13,13,96–9,96–9, 98–9
debtrelief97,100,101
humanitarian97
net96,96,98
AIDS12,12, 55,62,64–5
see alsoHIV
ANSseeadjustednetsaving
antenatalcare12,46,58,61
antiretroviraltherapy62,62
assets24
bednets,insecticide-treated52,63,63
biodiversity116–7
braindrain91
breastfeeding52–3
business
reform79,79
start-ups82–3 , 82–3, 129, 131, 133
BusinessFightingCorruptionThrough
CollectiveActionInitiative70
capital
human24–5
natural24–5,24, 26–7
physical24
carbondioxideemissions122–3,122, 126–7,
126–7, 129, 131, 133
carbonsinks116
cereals108,109
childlabor38–41,38–41, 40–1,42
agricultural38,41
andeducation38–9,39
girls39
unpaid38–9
childmortality11,11, 29,52–5,52–5, 54–5,
128, 130, 132
childbirth12,46,47,58,58
childcarepractices52–3
children
healthcarefor52–3
andHIV62,65
andnutrition53,56–7, 56–7
rightsof39
underweight53,56–7, 57
cities33,104–7,104–7, 106–7
climatechange108,112,122–7,122–3,
126–7, 126–7
coal123,123, 125
communicablediseases62–5,62–5, 64–5
ConstructionSectorTransparencyInitiative
(CoST)70
contraception59,59, 60
corruption70–1,70, 72–3, 72–3
debt,external100–3,100–3, 102–3
debtrelief97,100,101
debtservice129, 131, 133
ratios100–1,100, 103
deforestation116–17,118–19, 119
developing(low-/middle-income)economies
8–9,8–9,14
diarrhea52,55
disease
chronic/non-communicable33,63,65
combating12
communicable62–5,62–5, 64–5
deathsfrom12
domesticlabor39,46,47
donorcountries96–7,96,99
EarthSummit199213
eAtlas6–7
economicgrowth18–23,18–21, 20–1
investmentfor78–81,78–81, 80–1
economicintegration,global84–9,84–9,
86–9
economicwellbeing24
economies
classiication8–9,8–9
globalstructure66–9,66–9, 68–9
grossnationalincomeranking128, 130,
132
ecosystems113,116–17
education42–5,42–5, 44–5
attendance42
andchildlabor38–9,39
andemployment38–9,39
enrollmentin15,15,42–3,43, 45, 46, 48–9
female11,43, 45,46,46, 48–9, 48–9,59
non-attendance42
primary10,10,42–3,42–5, 48, 48–9
primarycompletionrates42,42, 44, 44–5
andremittances91
secondary15,15,43,43, 48–9, 48–9
tertiary43,43, 49
universalprimary10,10,42
EITIseeExtractiveIndustriesTransparency
Initiative
electricitysupplies74,125
employment
vulnerable51
see alsochildlabor;labor
energy
renewable sources 125
security122–7,123, 124–5, 125
environment
deforestation116–17,118–19, 119
degradation109,113
exploitation117
protection116–21,116–21, 118–21
sustainabilityissues13,13
andurbanization104–5,104–5
exchangerates14,15
exports84–5,84, 86–7, 86–7
externaldebt100–3,100–3, 102–3
ExtractiveIndustriesTransparencyInitiative
(EITI)70
fertilityrate32,33
adolescent59,59
fertilizers109
inancialcrisis2007–918–19,18, 21
andinternationaltrade84–5,84, 87
foodprices108
foodproduction108–11,108–11, 110–11
foreigndirectinvestment(FDI)85,85, 88–9,
88–9, 129, 131, 133
forests116,116, 118,123
loss116–17,118–19, 119
tropical117
fossilfuels122–3,123, 125
fragilelands109
freshwatersupplies112–13,112, 115
gas123,123, 125
GDPseegrossdomesticproduct
gender46–51
andeducation11,45,46,46, 48–9, 48–9,59
andemployment50–1, 50–1
equity11,11, 48–51, 48–51,59
see also women
Ginicoeficient19,19
globaleconomicstructure66–9,66–9, 68–9
globalintegration84–9,84–9, 86–9
globalpartnershipfordevelopment13,13
globalwarming123
goods84–5
governance70–3,70–3, 72–3,79
governmentpolicy,andinvestment78
greenhousegasemissions116,122–3,122,
126–7, 126–7, 129, 131, 133
grosscapitalformation78–81,78–81, 80–1
grossdomesticproduct(GDP)18,18, 20, 20–1,
66–7,79,79
grossnationalincome(GNI)14,14, 128, 130,
132
percapita8,14–15,15–17, 16–17, 128, 130,
132, 134
GroupofEight(G8)summit200597
hazards,workplace38,39
health,andurbanization105
health care
child52–3
HIV62,62
maternal46,47,58–9,58–9, 61
healthfacilities46,47
HeavilyIndebtedPoorCountries(HIPC)101
high-income(developed)economies8,8–9,14
HIV
antiretroviraltherapy62,62
andchildren62,65
andtheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals
12,12
mother-to-childtransmission52,62
prevalence62,62, 64–5, 64–5
andwomen12,62,65
see alsoAIDS
hunger,eradication10
hydropower123, 125
IBRDseeInternationalBankfor
ReconstructionandDevelopment
illiteracy 49
IMFseeInternationalMonetaryFund
immigration32,90
immunizations11,11
imports86–7, 86–7
income
andeatinghabits108
gap18
inequality19,19, 22–3, 22–3
measures14–17,14–15, 16–17
ofthepoor28,29
andremittances91
see alsohigh-incomeeconomies;
low-incomeeconomies;middle-income
economies
144
indicatorsofdevelopment,key128–33
industry66–7,69
inequality
gender11,11,46–7,46–51, 48–51,59
income19,19, 22–3, 22–3
ofopportunity19
inequality ratio 22
informationandcommunicationtechnology
74–7,74–7, 76–7
see alsoInternet
infrastructure74–7,74–7, 76–7
institutions70–1
integration,global84–9,84–9, 86–9
Inter-AmericanDevelopmentBank101
IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange
(IPCC)123
InternationalBankforReconstructionand
Development(IBRD)101
InternationalComparisonProgram29
InternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)101
internationalpovertyline28–9, 28, 30–1, 30–1
internationaltrade84–5,84–5
Internet75,75, 77
investment
foreigndirect85,85, 88–9, 88–9, 129,
131, 133
forgrowth78–81,78–81, 80–1
ininfrastructure74–5,74
physical(grosscapitalformation)78–81,
78–81, 80–1
IPCCseeIntergovernmentalPanelon
ClimateChange
irrigation109,112,113
isolation75
labor
domestic39,46,47
see alsochildlabor;employment
land
degradation109
fragile109
protected116,117,120–1, 120–1
lifeexpectancyatbirth32,36–7, 36–7
by country 128, 130, 132
andGNIpercapita15,15
livingstandards14,15
low-incomeeconomies8–9,8–9,14
malaria12,52,55,63,65
malnutrition53,56–7, 56–7
manufacturing85
marketexchangerates14,15
maternalhealth12,12,46,47,58–9,
58–9, 61
maternalhealthcare12,12,46,47,58–9,
58–9, 61
maternalmortalityrates12,58–9,58,
60–1, 61
MDRIseeMultilateralDebtReliefInitiative
measles11,11,53
merchandise trade 86–7, 86–7, 129, 131, 133
middle-incomeeconomies8–9,8–9,14
migration32,90–3,90–3, 92–3
MillenniumDevelopmentGoals10–13,10–13,
71,112
childmortalityreduction11
combatingdisease12,12
environmentalsustainability13,13
eradicationofextremepovertyand
hunger10
genderequalityandfemaleempowerment
11,11
globalpartnershipfordevelopment13,13
improvingmaternalhealth12,12
universalprimaryeducation10,10
mobilecellularsubscriptions129, 131, 133
mobilephones75,75, 76–7, 76–7
mortality
child11,11, 29,52–5,52–5, 54–5, 128,
130, 132
anddisease12
maternal12,58–9,58, 60–1, 61
MultilateralDebtReliefInitiative(MDRI)101
nationallyprotectedareas116,117,120–1,
120–1
naturalresources24–5,26–7
rents 24,25,27
nutrition58
child53,56–7, 56–7
foodprices108
foodproduction108–11,108–11, 110–11
malnutrition53,56–7, 56–7
undernourishment108
underweight53, 56–7, 57
oficialdevelopmentassistance(ODA)96,
96, 98
onlineatlas6–7
opportunity19
OrganisationforEconomicCo-operation
andDevelopment(OECD),Development
AssistanceCommittee(DAC)96,96–7, 99
overgrazing109
pandemics12
particulatematterconcentration104,105
pesticides109
pneumonia54
politicalparticipation47, 51, 73
pollution
air104–5,104
andurbanization104–5,104
water104–5,113
see alsogreenhousegasemissions
population
aging32–3,33,63,90
iguresbycountry128, 130, 132
populationgrowth
andenergyuse122
andfoodproduction108
andtransition32–7,32–5, 34–5
andwatersupplies112–13,115
in urban areas104,105
poverty28–9,28–31, 30–1
andchildmortality52,53
andcommunicabledisease62
andeconomicgrowth19
eradication10,10
extreme10,10,28–9,31
andglobalrecession18
andinfrastructure75
andmaternalhealthcare58,59
andpollution105
povertyline,international28–9, 28, 30–1, 30–1
pregnancy12,12,58–9,59, 61
antenatalcare12,46,58,61
complications58,61
teenage59,59
prenatalcare12,58,59
protectedareas116,117,120–1, 120–1
purchasingpowerparities(PPPs)14,14,15,29
rainforests117,117
ratios,externaldebt100–1
recession74
global200918–19,18,74
reforestation117,118–19, 119
refugees93
regionalgroupings8–9
remittances90–1,90–1, 94–5, 94–5,97
renewableenergy125
reproductivehealth12,12,46,47,58–61
roads75
rural areas
and child mortality 53
andinfrastructure75
andmaternalhealthcare47
andunderweightchildren57
andwatersupplies113
sanitation13,74–5,74,105,105
savings78
see alsoadjustednetsaving
servicesector66–7,66, 69,84,87
slumdwellings33,104–5,107
StolenAssetRecovery(StAR)Initiative70
sustainability13,13,109
tariffs85,85, 87
teenagemothers59,59
textiles85
timberindustry117
trade
barriersto85,85, 87
international84–5,84–5
merchandise 86–7, 86–7, 129, 131, 133
transportinfrastructure75
tuberculosis12,62–3,63, 65
undernourishment108
underweight53,56–7, 57
UnitedNationsInternationalConferenceon
FinancingforDevelopment200296–7
urbanenvironment104–7,104–7, 106–7
urbanization33,35,104–7,104–7, 106–7,
112
violence,organized71
waterpollution104–5,113
watersupplies112–15,112–15, 114–15
by country 128, 130, 132
infrastructure74–5,74
MillenniumDevelopmentGoals
regarding13,13
wealth24–7,24–7, 26–7
women46–51,46–51
andeducation11,43, 45,46,46, 48–9,
48–9,59
inemployment50–1, 50–1
empowerment11,11
andHIV/AIDS12,62,65
maternalhealth12,12,46,47,58–9,
58–9, 61
see alsopregnancy
workplacehazards38,39
WorldBank
classiicationofeconomies8–9,8–9
CountryPolicyandInstitutional
Assessment71
anddebtrelief100–1,103
InternationalDevelopmentAssociation
71,101
website9
WorldBankGroup100–1
WorldHealthOrganization(WHO)12,13